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Index: F

• filename extension : Filename Extensions
• filename extension : Filename Extensions
• F# keys : Running Multiple Shell Sessions with screen
• false exit status : Exit Status of UNIX Processes
• false program : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• fast find : Using "Fast find"
• • with database : Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
• fc command : In ksh and bash: fc
• fg command
• • Foreground and Background
  • Other Ways to Refer to Jobs
• fgrep : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• fgrep script : Fast grep Isn't
• fi statements : (see if statement)
• fi unexpected : Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
• fignore shell variable
• • Special C Shell Variables
  • Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
• file command
• • Finding Text Files with findtext
  • File Inquiry Operators
• file descriptors : Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
• • associated with files : Handling Files Line-by-Line
  • closing : Closing FDs
  • managing
  • • The exec Command
    • File Descriptors
  • redirecting : n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
  • uses for : Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
• file permissions : (see permissions)
• file pointer : Handling Files Line-by-Line
• file recovery : vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems
• file size : Limiting File Sizes
• • batch editing and : Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files
• File Transfer Protocol : (see ftp program)
• file types, finding : Finding File Types
• filec shell variable : Special C Shell Variables
• filenames
• • appending date to : Automatically Appending the Date to a Filename
  • on command line : The "Filename" -
  • comparing : Comparing Filenames in Two Directory Trees
  • completion
  • • Filename Completion: Faster Filename Typing
    • Shell Command-Line Editing
  • conventions : Filenames
  • ending with ~ : Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  • extensions for
  • • Filename Extensions
    • Naming Files
  • length of : clf, cls: "Compressed" ls Listings
  • links and
  • • Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
    • Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
    • Save Disk Space and Developing: Multiple Names for a Program
  • null : Deleting Files with the Null Name
  • picking automatically : Picking a Unique Filename Automatically
  • restoring from backups by : Restoring a Few Files
  • special characters in
  • • Quoting Handles Special Characters in Filenames
    • Showing Non-Printable Characters in Filenames
    • Deleting Files with Odd Names
  • starting with . : (see dot files)
  • stripped from pathnames : Introduction to basename and dirname
  • symbols in : With the $@"
  • for temporary files : Unique Names for Temporary Files
  • whitespace in : Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
  • wildcards and : File Naming Wildcards
• files
• • When Is a File Not a File?
  • Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  • access permissions : File Access Permissions
  • adding to other files : Four Ways to Skin a cat
  • archiving : (see archives)
  • automatic cleanup of : Automatic File Cleanup
  • automatic updating of : Keep File Printouts Up-to-Date Automatically with make
  • backing up : tar tutorial
  • binary, searching : Finding Words Inside Binary Files
  • on enclosed tutorial : Introduction
  • closing : n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
  • comparing
  • • Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
    • (see comparing)
  • compressed : (see compressed files)
  • copying
  • • What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
    • Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
    • to directory : Copying Files to a Directory
    • to directory : Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
  • counting by types : Counting Files by Types
  • creating : Four Ways to Skin a cat
  • deleting : (see deleting files)
  • descriptors associated with : Handling Files Line-by-Line
  • displaying contents of
  • • adding or deleting whitespace : Adding and Deleting White Space
    • cat command
    • • Four Ways to Skin a cat
      • Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c
    • displaying beginning/end only
    • • How to Look at the End of a File: tail
      • Printing the Top of a File
    • double-spacing : Double Space, Triple Space ...
    • less utility : Using more to Page Through Files
    • more utility : Using more to Page Through Files
    • numbering lines : Numbering Lines
    • od utility : Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c
  • editing : What Files Have I Just Edited?
  • empty
  • • What Can You Do with an Empty File?
    • Setting File Modification Time with touch
  • emptying : Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
  • executable : (see executable files)
  • finding : (see searching)
  • finding duplicate : Finding All Directories with the Same Name
  • hidden : (see dot files)
  • inodes
  • • How UNIX Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
    • Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  • last access time : (see last access time)
  • links to : (see symbolic links)
  • listing : List All Subdirectories with ls -R
  • modification times
  • • Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
    • The Three UNIX File Times
    • An Alias to List Recently Changed Files
    • Listing Files You've Created/Edited Today
    • Listing Files by Age and Size
    • newer: Print the Name of the Newest File
  • monitoring growth of
  • • How to Look at a File as It Grows
    • Watching Several Files Grow
  • moving : What's Really in a Directory
  • names for : (see filenames)
  • naming
  • • Naming Files
    • What's Really in a Directory
    • Files with Two or More Names
    • Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
  • notification of change to : Watching Other Files
  • overwriting accidentally : Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
  • ownership : (see ownership, file)
  • paging through : Using more to Page Through Files
  • permissions for
  • • Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
    • (see permissions)
  • PostScript : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
  • printing : (see printing)
  • RCS files : Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
  • read-only : Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
  • reading : Reading Files
  • reading line-by-line : Handling Files Line-by-Line
  • saving to : (see saving command lines to file)
  • searching : (see searching)
  • • across lines : Multiline Context grep Using sed
    • agrep script
    • • glimpse and agrep
      • Compound Searches
    • Boyer-Moore search algorithm : New greps Are Much Faster
    • case sensitivity : Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
    • by column : Finding a Character in a Column
    • compound searches : Compound Searches
    • egrep script
    • • Extended Searching for Text with egrep
      • grepping for a List of Patterns
    • by exclusion : Finding Text That Doesn't Match
    • fgrep script : Fast grep Isn't
    • glimpse command : glimpse and agrep
    • grep command
    • • Using Pipes to Create a New Tool
      • Different Versions of grep
      • Make Custom grep Commands (etc.) with perl
    • look program : Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
    • rcsgrep script : Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
    • sed with grep : Narrowing a Search Quickly
  • searching
  • • sed : Multiline Context grep Using sed
  • searching for
  • • Get File List by Editing Output of ls -l, grep, etc.
    • Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  • searching for lines in : The Multipurpose jot Command
  • size of : (see size, file)
  • sparse : Huge Files Might Not Take a Lot of Disk Space
  • spell checking : (see spell checking)
  • temporary
  • • Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
    • Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  • text : (see text files)
  • too many for command line : Too Many Files for the Command Line
  • uncompressing : Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
  • unlinking when open : Unlinking Open Files Isn't a Good Idea
  • writing : Writing Files
• filesystems
• • find command and : Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  • hierarchical : What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
  • ID numbers : Finding the Links to a File
  • moving files between : What's Really in a Directory
  • structure of : The Tree Structure of the Filesystem
• fileutils : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• filters
• • Programs Are Designed to Work Together
  • Redirecting Input and Output
  • Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  • ex editor : Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command
  • fmt utility for : Neatening Lines
  • in index program : Using index with a Filter
  • vi editor : Filtering Text with vi
• find command
• • Automatic File Cleanup
  • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  • \( \) operator : The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  • ! operator
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  • { } operator : Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)
  • -a option : The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  • -atime option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Old Files
    • The Times that find Finds
    • What Good Is a File's Last Access Time?
  • -ctime option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Old Files
    • The Times that find Finds
  • to delete files : Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
  • directory trees and : Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  • examples : Nested Command Substitution
  • -exec option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Running Commands on What You Find
    • Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)
    • Using chmod to Change File Permission
    • The Handy chmod = Operator
  • fast find : Using "Fast find"
  • -fstype option : Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  • -group option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching by Owner and Group
  • -inum option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Running Commands on What You Find
    • Removing a Strange File by its I-number
  • -links option : Searching for Old Files
  • loops using : Use with Loops
  • -maxdepth option : Finding Files with -prune
  • -mtime option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Old Files
    • The Times that find Finds
  • with multiple options
  • • Be an Expert on find Search Operators
    • Finding Many Things with One Command
  • -name option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Looking for Files with Particular Names
    • Finding Many Things with One Command
  • networked filesystems and : Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  • -newer option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Exact File Time Comparisons
    • Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups
  • -nogroup option : Searching by Owner and Group
  • -nouser option : Searching by Owner and Group
  • -o option : The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  • -ok option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Running Commands on What You Find
    • Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
  • -perm option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Files by Permission
  • -print operator : Don't Forget -print
  • -print option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Finding Many Things with One Command
  • -print0 option : xargs: Problems with Spaces and Newlines
  • -prune option
  • • Finding Files with -prune
    • Skipping Some Parts of a Tree in find (A More Selective -prune)
  • -size option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Files by Size
  • syntax of : Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  • -type option
  • • The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    • Searching for Files by Type
  • -user option : Searching by Owner and Group
  • wildcards and
  • • Looking for Files with Particular Names
    • Using "Fast find"
  • xargs command and : Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  • -xdev option : Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
• findcmd script
• • findcmd: Find a Command in Your Search Path
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• finding : (see searching)
• findtext script
• • Finding Text Files with findtext
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• fix command : (see fc command)
• fixdlsrps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixfmps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixmacps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixpsditps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixpspps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixscribeps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixtpps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixwfwps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixwpps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• fixwwps program : psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
• flip script
• • Reverse Lines in Long Files with flip
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• flow control : Flow Control (We Hope)
• • in C shell : Flow Control
  • Emacs and : Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems
• fmt : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• fmt command
• • Too Many Files for the Command Line
  • Neatening Text with fmt
  • filtering text from vi : Neatening Lines
  • re-format comment lines : recomment: Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
• fmt.sh script
• • Alternatives to fmt
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• fold command : Fixing Margins with pr and fold
• footers, editing : Unsharring the Sources
• for loop
• • Anyone Can Program the Shell
  • The Bourne Shell for Loop
  • Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  • Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  • advantages : Handling Arguments with while and shift
  • in command-line arguments : With a Loop
  • command substitution : Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  • command-line arguments : Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  • disadvantages : Handling Arguments with while and shift
  • egrep expressions built : Online Phone and Address Lists
  • examples
  • • Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
    • Online Phone and Address Lists
  • jot used in : The Multipurpose jot Command
  • multiple variables : Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
  • storing line of text with multiple words : Arrays in the Bourne Shell
  • uses for : Standard Input to a for Loop
  • while loops compared to : Standard Input to a for Loop
  • wildcards : Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
• for loops
• • examples : apropos on Systems Without apropos
• foreach loop : Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop
• • examples : Using C Shell Arrays
  • in C shells : Using C Shell Arrays
• foreground jobs : Foreground and Background
• • killing : Killing Foreground Jobs
  • nice command and : nice Gotcha
• fork system call
• • How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  • fork and exec
• form letters : Using Here Documents for Form Letters, etc.
• format of diff output : More Friendly diff Output
• formfile : Handling Files Line-by-Line
• formprog script
• • Handling Files Line-by-Line
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  • examples : Handling Files Line-by-Line
• forms
• • script for filing : Handling Files Line-by-Line
• Fortran program source file extension : Filename Extensions
• fortune program : Electronic Fortune Cookies
• free software : Where Does Free Software End and UNIX Begin?
• Free Software Foundation (FSF)
• • There Are Many Shells
  • Introduction to bash
• fsck program : The Kernel and Daemons
• ftp program
• • UNIX Networking and Communications
  • Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
  • For the Impatient: Type-Ahead
• FTP software archives : Online Archive
• ftpd daemon, login shell and : Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
• ftpfile script : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• FTPMAIL mail server : FTPMAIL
• full duplex : How We Made It This Far (Back?)
• function keys, mapping in vi : Command Mode Maps
• functions
• • . (dot) command compared to : Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  • C programs : Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
  • shell : (see shell functions)

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