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Index: E

• EBCDIC conversion : Converting Between ASCII and EBCDIC
• echo command : Shell Variables
• • in bash cells : Portable echo Command
  • in Bourne shell scripts : Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
  • in C shell : Writing Files
  • combining two : Using echo with awk, colrm, or cut
  • command-line arguments : Output Command-Line Arguments
  • control characters used with
  • • With echo
    • With tr and echo
  • creating error messages : Making Error Messages
  • debugging using : Quoting Trouble? Think, Then Use echo
  • -e option : Portable echo Command
  • -E option : Portable echo Command
  • escape sequences interpreted by : Portable echo Command
  • examples
  • • Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
    • Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
    • Standard Command-Line Parsing
    • Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
    • Writing Files
    • Quoting
  • external versions of : Which One Will bash Use?
  • interpreting octal numbers : With echo
  • -n option : Portable echo Command
  • sending escape sequences : Commands to Adjust Your Terminal
  • shell scripts using : Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
  • showing values of variables : What Environment Variables Are Good For
  • turning off : Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
  • version differences : Portable echo Command
  • writing special escape sequences : Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line
• echo flag, turning off : Handling Most Characters
• echo shell variable
• • Special C Shell Variables
  • verbose and echo Variables Show Quoting
• echoing
• • smart : Why Some Systems Backspace over Prompts
• ed editor
• • diff command and : ex Scripts Built by diff
  • file size limits : Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files
  • no matches : ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match
• ediff script
• • More Friendly diff Output
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• edit command (SCCS) : SCCS Basics
• editing
• • compressed files : Edit Compressed Files with zvi, zex, and zed
  • paired item checking : Looking for Closure
  • with power tools : Power Tools for Editing
  • spell checking : (see spell checking)
  • with file comparisons : ex Scripts Built by diff
• EDITOR environment variable : Predefined Environment Variables
• editors
• • ed : (see ed editor)
  • EDITOR variable : Predefined Environment Variables
  • Emacs : (see Emacs editor)
  • ex : (see ex editor)
  • patch program : (see patch program)
  • qsubst program : Quick Globals from the Command Line with qsubst
  • scripting line editors : Why Line Editors Aren't Dinosaurs
  • sed : (see sed editor)
  • vi : (see vi editor)
• egrep : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• egrep expressions
• • calendar command : Automatic Reminders and More: calendar
  • case statements building : Online Phone and Address Lists
  • examples : Online Phone and Address Lists
  • for loop building : Online Phone and Address Lists
  • options : Online Phone and Address Lists
• egrep script
• • lookfor: Which File Has that Word?
  • Extended Regular Expressions
  • Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  • New greps Are Much Faster
  • Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
  • | (vertical bar) : Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  • catman compared to : apropos on Systems Without apropos
  • examples : apropos on Systems Without apropos
  • -f option : grepping for a List of Patterns
  • -i option : Searching Online Manual Pages
  • picking the processes to kill : Interactively Kill Processes Matching a Pattern
  • plus sign (+) : Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  • question mark (?) : Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  • searching manual pages : Searching Online Manual Pages
• eight-bit filenames : Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
• elapsed time
• • Timing Programs
  • Why Is the System So Slow?
• elookfor : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• elookfor script : lookfor: Which File Has that Word?
• else statement
• • Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  • (see also if loops)
  • examples : Test Exit Status with the if Statement
• em-dashes : Preprocessing troff Input with sed
• Emacs : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• emacs
• • emacs mode command-line editing : Shell Command-Line Editing
• Emacs editor
• • abbreviations : Using Word Abbreviation Mode
  • advantages over other editors : Emacs: The Other Editor
  • auto-save file : Backup and Auto-Save Files
  • backup file : Backup and Auto-Save Files
  • C shell's PWD and : Unset PWD Before Using Emacs
  • command completion : Command Completion
  • global initialization file : Customizations and How to Avoid Them
  • insert mode versus overwrite : Putting Emacs in Overwrite Mode
  • key mapping : Mike's Favorite Time Savers
  • mouse-based editors versus : Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  • quoting control characters : Inserting Binary Characters into Files
  • search customizations : Rational Searches
  • x-on/x-off flow control : Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems
• emacs editor
• • directory for : Directories for Emacs Hacks
  • temporary files generated by : Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
• emacs file
• • Customizations and How to Avoid Them
  • Making Word Abbreviations Part of Your Startup
• emacs_ml file : Mike's Favorite Time Savers
• emacs_ml file : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• email
• • multiple mailboxes : Multiple Mailboxes
  • notification of : The MAILCHECK and mail Variables Check More than Mail
• emoticons : You Don't Have Enough Smileys?
• empty files
• • What Can You Do with an Empty File?
  • Setting File Modification Time with touch
• emptying files : Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
• enable command : Which One Will bash Use?
• encoding arguments in termcap or terminfo entries : Encoding Arguments
• encryption : Ways of Improving the Security of crypt
• End of file unexpected : Unmatched Operators
• • error message : Tips for Debugging Shell Scripts
• end-of-file (EOF) character : What Can You Do with an Empty File?
• end-of-input character
• • effect on subshells : Subshells
• end-of-line processing : Initializing the Terminal with tset
• enscript program : Converting Text Files to PostScript
• enter file : Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
• enter.csh script : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• enter.sh script : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• entomb system : delete: Protecting Files from Accidental Deletion
• env command
• • What Environment Variables Are Good For
  • Shell Variables
  • Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• ENV environment variable
• • Faster ksh and bash Startup with $- Test
  • Predefined Environment Variables
• environment : Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
• • modifying : Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  • temporary changes in : Temporary Change of Directory and Environment
  • writing into temporary files : Choosing the Shell Run (We Hope) by at
• environment variables
• • Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
  • Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  • Shell Can Read a Script from its Standard Input, But...
  • (see also under specific variable names)
  • advantages : What Environment Variables Are Good For
  • in Bourne shell : Variable Syntax
  • in C shell : Variable Syntax
  • changed inside redirected loops : The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  • setting : Shell
• epsffit program : Other PostScript Utilities
• equations
• • troff
  • TeX
• erase character
• • Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
  • Handling Most Characters
  • BACKSPACE : Cleaning script Files
  • DELETE : Cleaning script Files
• error messages
• • capturing for screen : Errors Erased Too Soon? Try These Workarounds
  • creating : Making Error Messages
  • installation process : An Easy Build
  • program names included in : Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
  • scrolling off screen : Problems Piping to a Pager
• errors
• • Testing Your Success
  • (see also debugging; standard error)
  • Arguments too long : Too Many Files for the Command Line
  • "Arguments too long" : Workaround for "Arguments too long" Error
  • handled in C shell : Error Handling
  • in redirected loops : The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  • "No match" : What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
  • stderr : (see standard error)
  • storing with logerrs script : Store and Show Errors with logerrs
• errors, syntax
• • in numeric tests : Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
  • in string tests : Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests
• ESC key
• • file completion and : Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
• ESC Z string : Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
• escape sequences
• • Terminal Escape Sequences
  • Commands to Adjust Your Terminal
  • backslash character and : Portability
  • copied into files : Copy What You Do with script
  • echo command interpreting : Portable echo Command
  • prompt settings and : Highlighting in Shell Prompts
  • removing : Removing Leading Tabs and Other Trivia
  • writing with echo command : Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line
• /etc/motd script : motd.diff: Show New Lines in Login Messages
• /etc/passwd file
• • corrupted : Common UNIX Error Messages
• /etc/passwd file : File Access Permissions
• /etc/shells file : Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
• /etc/ttys file : Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
• /etc/ttytab file : Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
• eval command : Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
• • advantages : eval: When You Need Another Chance
  • awk compared to : Putting awk, sed, etc., Inside Shell Scripts
  • examples
  • • Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
    • Using sed
  • if-then-else in aliases : How to Put if-then-else in a C Shell Alias
  • scanning contents of variables : Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
  • sed combined with : Using sed
  • shell variables and : Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases
  • simulating arrays : Arrays in the Bourne Shell
• ex editor
• • abbreviations
  • • vi Word Abbreviation
    • Good Stuff for Your .exrc File
  • appending to file : Appending to an Existing File
  • capitalizing words : Capitalizing Every Word on a Line
  • command descriptions : Useful ex Commands
  • confirming substitutions : Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi
  • counting occurrences : Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
  • deleting by patterns : Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  • diff command and : ex Scripts Built by diff
  • file recovery : vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems
  • filtering text : Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command
  • global command : Global Searches
  • line addressing : Line Addressing
  • modelines : Modelines: Bug or Feature?
  • moving by patterns : Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  • multiple setup files
  • • Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search
    • Per File Setups in Separate Files
  • no matches : ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match
  • open mode : The ex Open Mode Can Be Handy
  • patterns
  • • Using Search Patterns and Global Commands
    • Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  • quoting control characters : Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
  • quoting | (vertical bar) : Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
  • reverting to saved : Editing Multiple Files with vi
  • save as new file : Editing Multiple Files with vi
  • saving as new file : Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File
  • saving part of file : Saving Part of a File
  • scripting : Line Addressing
  • settings
  • • Local Settings for vi and ex
    • Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files
  • startup commands : Local Settings for vi and ex
  • stopping search wraps : Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
  • switching between files : Editing Multiple Files with vi
  • transfer text between files : Edits Between Files
  • undoing changes : Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi
  • yank buffers : Edits Between Files
• examples : Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing
• exclamation point : (see !)
• exclamation point (!)
• • test command using : test: Testing Files and Strings
• exec command : How the Shell Executes Other Commands
• • associating file descriptors with files : Handling Files Line-by-Line
  • examples : Removing a File Once It's Opened - for Security and Easy Cleanup
  • manage file descriptors : The exec Command
  • replacing C shell with Bourne shell
  • • Making Sure Your Script Runs with Bourne Shell, Without #!
    • The exec Command
  • typing at a shell prompt : fork and exec
• exec commands : fork and exec
• executable files
• • Compiling Source Code
  • Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
  • displaying : File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
  • errors caused by : Common UNIX Error Messages
  • executing without showing #! : File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
  • making executable by using # : Fun with #!
  • permissions on : Writing a Simple Shell Program
  • strip command and : Save Space in Executable Files with strip
  • testing : Testing How Your System Executes Files
• execute permission
• • Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions
  • Shell Scripts Must be Readable and (Usually) Executable
  • without read permission : Directory that People Can Access but Can't List
• execution statistics, report summarizing : The ps Command
• EXINIT environment variable
• • Predefined Environment Variables
  • Running a Command with a Temporarily Different Environment
  • Using More Complex Aliases
  • Local Settings for vi and ex
  • Out of Temporary Space? Use Another Directory
• exit command : Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)
• • .cshrc file : Speeding Up Your C Shell with set prompt Test
  • effect on subshells : Subshells
  • examples : Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
  • redirected loops using : The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  • to end scripts : Copy What You Do with script
• exit command (awk) : Alphabetical Summary of Commands
• exit command (lpc) : Printer Control with lpc
• exit file : Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
• exit status
• • Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  • (see also status variable)
  • of loops : while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
  • non-zero : If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
  • of background jobs : Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  • of commands in Bourne shell scripts : Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  • of pipelines : Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  • of redirected loops : The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  • returned by processes : Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  • testing
  • • Test Exit Status with the if Statement
    • Loops That Test Exit Status
    • If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
  • values for expr
  • • Quick Reference: expr
    • Testing Characters in a String with expr
  • zero
  • • Loops That Test Exit Status
    • The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
    • If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
• exit.csh script : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• exit.sh script : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• exp command (awk) : Alphabetical Summary of Commands
• expand command
• • TAB Is Just Another Character to UNIX
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• Expect : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• Expect program : Expect
• • testing interactive programs : Testing: A Story
• expr command
• • Quick Reference: expr
  • Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  • advantages
  • • Matching with expr
    • bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt
  • alternatives to : The Multipurpose jot Command
  • arguments
  • • $* : Matching with expr
    • $@ : Matching with expr
  • as calculator
  • • bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt
    • Quick Arithmetic with expr
  • disadvantages : Matching with expr
  • examples : Quick Reference: expr
  • exit status values
  • • Quick Reference: expr
    • Testing Characters in a String with expr
  • jot compared to : The Multipurpose jot Command
  • listing command-line arguments : Matching with expr
  • loops using : The Multipurpose jot Command
  • matching character strings : Matching with expr
  • operators : Quick Reference: expr
  • syntax
  • • Quick Reference: expr
    • Examples
  • testing character strings : Testing Characters in a String with expr
  • variables : Examples
• expressions
• • in C shell
  • • Expressions
    • Examples
  • conditional : Test Exit Status with the if Statement
• expressions, conditional
• • Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  • (see also if loops; for loops; foreach loop; while loops)
• expunge program : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• exrc file (on disc) : Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
• exrc file
• • Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
  • Local Settings for vi and ex
  • Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files
  • Good Stuff for Your .exrc File
• EXSTAT environment variable : Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search
• exta, extb rates : How We Made It This Far (Back?)
• extended regular expressions : Extended Regular Expressions
• extensions, filename
• • Filename Extensions
  • Naming Files
• "external control" rates : How We Made It This Far (Back?)
• external commands
• • Internal and External Commands
  • Faster Prompt Setting with Built-Ins
  • executing : How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  • setting variables with : External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables
• extractres program : Other PostScript Utilities

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