Petrobras - Brasil

Not to be confused with Malaysian oil company Petronas.
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.
Petrobras horizontal logo (international).svg
Type Sociedade Anônima
Traded as BM&F Bovespa: PETR3
BM&F Bovespa: PETR4
NYSE: PBR, PBRA
BMAD: XPBR, XPBRA
BCBA: APBR
Industry Oil and gas
Founded 1953
Headquarters Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Area served Worldwide
Key people Maria das Graças Foster (CEO)
Almir Guilherme Barbassa (CFO)
Products Petroleum and its derivatives, natural gas, lubricant, petrochemical, fertilizer, biofuel
Revenue increase US$ 145.9 billion (2011)
Operating income increase US$ 27.2 billion (2011)
Net income increase US$ 19.9 billion (2011)
Total assets increase US$ 319.4 billion (2011)
Owner(s) Brazilian Government (64%)
Employees 80,497 (2010)
Subsidiaries BR Distribuidora, Transpetro, Petrobras Argentina, Braskem among others.
Website www.petrobras.com

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. or Petrobras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas]) is a semi-public Brazilian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the largest company in the Southern Hemisphere by market capitalization and the largest in Latin America measured by 2011 revenues.

Petrobras was founded in 1953. While the company ceased to be Brazil's legal monopolist in the oil industry in 1997, it remains a significant oil producer, with output of more than 2 million barrels (320,000 m) of oil equivalent per day, as well as a major distributor of oil products. The company also owns oil refineries and oil tankers. Petrobras is a world leader in development of advanced technology from deep-water and ultra-deep water oil production.

In September 2010 Petrobras conducted the largest share sale in history, when US$72.8 billion worth of shares in the company were sold on the BM&F Bovespa stock exchange. Upon the sale Petrobras immediately became the fourth-largest company in the world measured by market capitalisation.

Contents

Overview

Headquarters of Petrobras in downtown Rio de Janeiro

Petrobras controls significant oil and energy assets in 18 countries in Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Asia. These holdings as well as properties in Brazil give it total assets of $133.5 billion (2008).

Petrobras is Latin America's largest company, thanks to 2008 sales of $118.3 billion, according to a ranking from Latin Business Chronicle over Latin America's Top 500 Companies.

The Brazilian government directly owns 54% of Petrobras' common shares with voting rights, while the Brazilian Development Bank and Brazil's Sovereign Wealth Fund (Fundo Soberano) each control 5%, bringing the State's direct and indirect ownership to 64%. The privately held shares are traded on BM&F Bovespa, where they are part of the Ibovespa index.

Petrobras began processing oil shale in 1953, developing Petrosix technology for extracting oil from oil shale. An industrial size retort began processing shale in the 1990s. In 2006, Petrobras claimed that this industrial retort had a design capacity to process 260 tonnes/hour of oil shale.

Petrobras operated the world's largest oil platform - the Petrobras 36 Oil Platform - until an explosion on 15 March 2001 led to its sinking on 20 March 2001. P-36 was replaced by FPSO-Brasil. In 2007, Petrobras inaugurated the Petrobras 52 Oil Platform. The 52 is the biggest Brazilian oil platform and third in the world.

Petrobras is also recognized as the largest sponsor of arts, culture, and environmental protection in Brazil. Among the environmental initiatives, Petrobras is the main supporter of whale conservation and research through the Brazilian Right Whale Project and the Instituto Baleia Jubarte (Brazilian Humpback Whale Institute). Petrobras has been a sponsor of the Williams Formula-1 team. The company employs the H-Bio process to produce biodiesel.

According to Forbes, as of April 2011, Petrobras is the 8th largest company in the world.

History

Petrobras standard model for its land oil pump, popularly known as Wooden Horse (Cavalo de Pau in Portuguese) in UFRN, Natal, Brazil.

Petrobras was created in 1953 during the government of Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas, with the support of both the ruling parties and the opposition alike in Congress.

Petrobras commenced its activities with the collection it inherited from the old National Oil Council (Conselho Nacional do Petróleo, CNP), which, however, preserved its inspection function for the sector.

The oil exploration and production operations, as well as the remaining activities connected to the oil, natural gas, and derivative sector, except for wholesale distribution and retail via service stations, were a monopoly Petrobras held from 1954 to 1997. During this period, Petrobras became the leader in derivative marketing in Brazil, and, thanks to the company's performance, it was awarded the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) in 1992, one which it was granted again in 2001.

After 40 years of exploration, production, refining and transportation of Brazil's oil, Petrobras started to compete with other foreign and domestic companies in 1997. The Brazilian government created the National Petroleum Agency (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, ANP), responsible for the regulation and supervision of activities in the petroleum industry, and the National Council of Energy Policies, a public agency responsible for the development of public energy policy.

In 2003, commemorating its 50 years, Petrobras doubled its daily production of oil and natural gas, surpassing the mark of 2 million barrels (320,000 m).

On 21 April 2006, Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started production on the P-50 oil platform, in the Albacora East Field at Campos Basin, which gave Brazil self-sufficiency in oil production.

In 2009, Petrobras announced a market capitalization plan to finance its future investments in ultra-deep oil exploration. The share offering in the BM&F Bovespa Stock Exchange took place in September 2010, becoming the largest market capitalization in history, with R$ 120,4 billion (US$ 69,97 billion) in shares issued.

Chronology

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev with the Petrobras president in Rio de Janeiro in November 2008. Skyscraper hosting Petrobras' offices in Avenida Paulista, São Paulo.

Bolivian controversy

On May 2006, Bolivia's president Evo Morales announced the nationalization of all gas and oil fields in the country. Evo Morales ordered the occupation of all fields by the Bolivian Army. Petrobras was heavily affected by the nationalization. At the time, the company's Bolivian subsidiary had great importance in the country's economy:

The nationalization strained the relationship between Petrobras and the Bolivian government. On October 28, 2006, after a long negotiation, Petrobras and Bolivia signed an agreement, whereby the company would take 18% of the profits, and the Bolivian government would take the remainder.

Business

Petrobras' most important assets are petroleum reserves in Brazil. Its oil field in the Campos Basin accounts more than 80% of the Brazilian oil production. The company also works on developing the "green energy", including biodiesel fuel. Petrobras recently opened its business to the ethanol fuel, facing great competition against the North American ethanol. However, investment in biofuels will represent only 1% of the company's profit between 2008 and 2012.

Petrobras is involved in the following areas of business:

Petrobras' financial growth between 2002 and 2006

Petrobras works extensively with foreign acquisitions too, buying and controlling some of the most important energy companies in South America and exploring huge deep-water fields of West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico. Petrobras is known for its technology in deep-water exploration. The Tupi field, which could be the world's third largest oil field (although data is still unverified), is a deep-water discovery, located in the pre-salt layer.

The company began to increase profits from 2002, with the government's heavy investments. In the first quarter of 2008, Petrobras reached the market value of US$295.6 billion, surpassing Microsoft (US$274 billion) and becoming America's third largest company, ahead of giant oil companies such as BP and Chevron-Texaco, and only behind of ExxonMobil and General Electric. Petrobras' market value is also bigger than Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (US$289.3 billion), making it the sixth biggest company by market value in the world.

Competition

Comparison with world-wide companies

Company Reserves (MM boe) Current Years of Production Oil & Gas Production (1000s boe/d) 2006 Oil & Gas Production Growth (%) 2006
Petrobras 11,457 14.2 2,287 4.5
BP 17,368 10.4 3,926 -1.9
ChevronTexaco 11,020 10.9 2,667 6.1
ExxonMobil 21,518 11.3 4,238 3.8
Royal Dutch Shell 11,108 6.7 3,474 -1.0

Growth

Oil reserves

At the 20th National Forum, it was revealed that Petrobras, with 11.7 billion barrels (1.86×10 m) of oil, has the fourth biggest oil reserves among petrochemical companies with publicly traded shares. The figure does not include the recent discoveries in the mega-fields of Tupi, Jupiter, Carioca and Bem-te-vi.

Profitability

The discovery of large reserves in Santos Basin increased its stock price by about 19% in one day. Petrobras is considered the most reliable Blue Chip of the Bovespa Stock Exchange. While the North American Crisis of 2007 decreased the value of the stocks of a great majority of stock markets in the world, Petrobras helped hold the Bovespa's activities steady, making it one of the least affected stock exchanges in the world by the crisis.

Investment grade

On 30 April 2008, Brazil received an "investment grade" rating from Standard & Poor's, given to countries with stable and consistent growing economy. According to Standard & Poor's, Brazil jumped from a BB+ grade to a BBB-, the minimum level any country needs to reach to receive the grade. Petrobras played a big part in the country's growth, and the high rating would be useful in attracting foreign investments.

Investors often criticize the company for not increasing gasoline prices in Brazil, in spite of increasing prices in the international market. The company is having problems adapting its business to the ethanol market.

Devaluation

After a great advance on its stock shares (reaching 52.30 Brazilian real (R$) in Ibovespa) in May 2008, Petrobras faced a devaluation in the following month, its shares decreasing to R$43.90 on 19 June 2008. The most probable explanation for the great fall was the lack of information about the mega-fields recently discovered by the company. The great instability in Wall Street's markets also had great weight in those results.

Petrobras' fall also led to bad results on the entire BM&F Bovespa, as Petrobras and Vale accounts for more than 25% of BM&F Bovespa's trade value, the devaluation of those companies' shares led it to lose more than 6,000 points in just 25 days.

However, with the continuous decrease of oil prices, Petrobras' stock shares fell to R$33,00 on 14 August 2008. Its market cap presented the biggest loss of value in the Americas, with US$93 billion (13 August 2008).

Milestones

Oil platform P-51, the first 100% Brazilian oil platform

List of recent oil field discoveries

From 2002-2005, Petrobras doubled its success rate at drilling new wells.

Petrobras latest Oil Discoveries
Date Basin Field API gravity
April 18, 2006 Espirito Santo Golfinho 38
July 11, 2006 Santos Tupi 30
March 2, 2007 Campos Caxareu 30
June 8, 2007 Espirito Santo Pirambu 29
September 5, 2007 Santos Tupi 27
September 10, 2007 Campos Xerelete 17
September 20, 2007 Santos Tupi Sul 28
December 21, 2007 Santos Caramba 27
January 21, 2008 Santos Jupiter Huge Gas field
May 21, 2008 Santos Bem-Te-Vi 36
May 29, 2008 Santos Tiro 36
June 12, 2008 Santos Guará 28
July 14, 2008 Espirito Santo Golfinho 27
August 20, 2008 Campos Aruanã 28
September 26, 2008 Santos Sidon 36
November 21, 2008 Espirito Santo Jubarte 30
November 25, 2008 Jequitinhonha BM-J-3 ?
January 26, 2009 Santos Piracucá ?
April 8, 2009 Santos Corcovado-1 ?
November 16, 2009 Campos Marimbá 29

Mega-fields

The company's most important discoveries started at the end of 2007, when the first mega-field, named Tupi, was found at a depth of 5,000 meters below the sea level, the first discovery of the company in the pre-salt layer. The second discovery was announced on January 21, 2008: the new mega-field was named Jupiter and had the same size as Tupi. The company revealed no more information about the field, forcing many investors to regard those facts as an "industrial secret".

On May 21, 2008, the company announced the discovery of a third oil megafield, located 250 km distant from the state of São Paulo, at a depth between 6000 and 6300 meters below sea level. The discovery was made by a consortium formed by Petrobras (66% of participation), Shell (20%) and Galp Energia (14%). The field's oil reserves had an API gravity between 25 and 28.

Criticisms

According to the Brazilian economy website InfoMoney.com, North American stock companies are considering the oil mega-field discoveries suspicious. On May 24, 2008, the company's shares fell 4% because of the scarce information given by Petrobras about the fields. (Portuguese)

An article written by Roberto Altenhofen Pires Pereira for InfoMoney.com said (translated from Portuguese): Despite the incredible advance of 14% in Petrobras stock shares after the discovery of Tupi and Jupiter fields, the North American answer for the shares was the worst possible. Petrobras' ADR's - American Depositary Receipts - fell more than 4% in New York. It seems that the market is interpreting the discovery with mistrust.

(...) Everyone knows that the potential of the fields is huge, but that stills being only a "potential". No concrete information about the fields' capacity has been released at any time. These are only expectations, which still face a great technological challenge to the exploration of so deep deposits, which may even make this exploration unfeasible.

Reputation

By the end of 2003, Petrobras subscribed to the United Nations Global Compact, a voluntary agreement which encompasses a set of principles regarding human rights, working conditions and the environment.

The company's growth since 2006 has made Petrobras the most profitable company in the Brazilian economy, and gave it great importance worldwide, being recognized as the eighth biggest oil exploring company in the world.

Since 2006 Petrobras has been listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, an important reference index for environmentally and socially responsible investors.

On February 25, 2008, the Spanish consultancy firm Management and Excellence acknowledged Petrobras as the world's most sustainable oil company.

The civil society named Transparency International, which fights against global corruption, published a list on April 28, 2008 containing the names of 42 companies with high transparency levels, in which Petrobras was included.

In May 2008, World Trademark Review magazine awarded the Petrobras trademark team with an Industry Award for Latin American Team of the Year, a category in which Petrobras competed with Coca-Cola, Pepsico, and Procter and Gamble.

Major oil spills - 1975 to 2001
Date Volume (litres) Location
March 1975 6 million Guanabara Bay
October 1983 1.5 - 3 million Bertioga
February 1984 700,000 Cubatão
August 1989 690,000 São Sebastião
January 1994 350,000 - 400,000 Campos Basin
May 1994 2.7 - 3.1 million São Sebastião
March 1997 600,000 - 2.8 Guanabara Bay
October 1998 1 - 1.5 million São José dos Campos
January 2000 1.3 million Guanabara Bay
March 2000 18,000 Tramandaí
March 2000 7,250 São Sebastião
July 2000 4 million Barigui Iguaçu Rivers
August 2000 1,800 Rio Grande de Norte
August 2000 4,000 Angra dos Reis
November 2000 86,000 São Sebastião
March 2001 1.4 million Campos Basin

Global operations

Petrobras' global oil exploration, as shown in December 2006 with a total of 243,292 BOED Refinery in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Petrobras global operations extends over 27 countries (including Brazil). Those operations are more related to diplomatic trades than oil exploration, although the company has important fields in India, Turkey, Angola and Nigeria. The most important countries for commercial agreements are Japan, United Kingdom and China. The complete map can be seen in Petrobras official link Petrobras Worldwide.

Petrobras is a member of the following international associations:

Offices

  • Rio de Janeiro - Headquarters, R&D Center, Financial & Main Operations - 9 buildings
  • Salvador - Financial Operations Backoffice
  • Macae - Campos Basin Office
  • Santos - Santos Basin Office
  • Beijing
  • Tokyo
  • Singapore
  • Ankara
  • Tehran
  • London
  • Mexico City
  • Houston
  • Caracas
  • Havana
  • Bogotá
  • Quito
  • Lima
  • Asunción
  • Buenos Aires
  • Santiago
  • Montevideo
  • Santa Cruz de la Sierra
  • Tripoli
  • Lagos
  • Dar es Salaam
  • Luanda
  • Rotterdam

New Zealand

In June 2010, Petrobras was granted a five-year permit for exploration of the Raukumara Basin, off the East Cape of New Zealand. April 2011 and the Orient Explorer began surveying off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island. Greenpeace protestors, in opposition to the deal between the New Zealand government and Petrobras, attempted to halt the work by swimming in front of the survey ship. Local Maori felt the risk to the local waters and fish stocks, should oil be found and drilling go ahead, was too high a price and that better consultation with local people was required.

Petrobras in popular culture

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