Academia Brasileira de Letras - Brasil

Academia Brasileira de Letras in Rio de Janeiro

Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL) (Portuguese pronunciation: [akadeˈmiɐ bɾaziˈlejɾɐ dʒi ˈletɾɐs] ( listen) English: Brazilian Academy of Letters) is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the statutes being passed on January 28, 1897. On July 20 of the same year, the Academy entered into operation.

The Brazilian Academy of Letters is, according to its statutes, charged with the care of the "national language" of Brazil (the Portuguese language) and with the promotion of Brazilian literary arts. The Academy is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil. Although it is not a state institution and no law grants to it oversight over the language, by its prestige and technical qualification it is the paramount authority on Brazilian Portuguese. The Academy's main publication in this field is the Ortographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language (Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa) of which there were five editions. The Vocabulary is prepared by the Academy's Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography.

The Orthographic Vocabulary, however, is not a Dictonary, as it contains words and their grammatical categories, but not the definition or meaning of the words listed. Thus, unlike the French Academy, the Royal Spanish Academy and other foreign institutions dedicated with the care of a national language, the Brazilian Academy of Letters, until recently, published no official dictionary. Although it still stopped short of publishing a full official dictionary, the Academy issued its first dictionary in 2009, the School Dictionary of the Portuguese Language (Dicionário Escolar da Lingua Portuguesa), with students as its target customers.

The Academy does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in the future. For the time being, however, other dictionaries such as the Aurélio and the Houaiss remain more prestigious than the School Dictionary, in spite of the fact that the latter is sometimes marketed by booksellers as the "ABL's Dictionary", due to its being authored by the Academy. Both the Houaiss and the Aurélio Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the Academy (Antônio Houaiss and Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira, respectively) in their private capacities and as personal professional enterprieses. The preparation of an official dictionary of the Portuguese Language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

The Academy is composed to this day of 40 members, known as "immortals", chosen from among the citizens of Brazil, who have published recognized works or books of literary value. The position of "immortal" is awarded for the recipient's lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the Academy members when one of the "chairs" become vacant. The chairs are numbered and each has a Patron: the Patrons are 40 great Brazilian writers that were already dead when the Academy was founded; the names of the Patrons were chosen by the Founders and they were honored post mortem by each being assigned patronage over a chair.

Thus, each of the 40 chairs is associated with its current holder, with the predecessors of the current holder who occupied it before him, and, in particular, with the Founder who occupied it first, but also with the seat's Patron.

The academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with a sword (the uniform is called "fardão") when participating in official meetings of the Academy. During periods of dictatorship and military régime, the Academy's neutrality in choosing proper members dedicated to the literary profession was compromised when it elected politicians with few or no contributions to literature, such as ex-president Getúlio Vargas. The Academy, which was a purely male affair until the groundbreaking election of novelist Rachel de Queiroz in 1977 for chair No. 5, now has four women members (10% of its total membership), one of which, Nélida Piñon, served as president in 1996-97.

The Academy, thanks to good revenues in excess of $4 million a year, is well off financially. It owns a skyscraper with 28 floors (Palácio Austregésilo de Athaide), in a valued area in the center of Rio, which the Academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were legated by book editor Francisco Alves, in 1917, and from financial investments. This comfortable situation allows for paying a "jeton" to each academician. The ABL is located just by its side, in a neoclassical building, which is named "Petit Trianon". It was donated by the government of France in 1923 and is so named because it is a copy of the Petit Trianon palace in Versailles, near Paris, France.

It has recently inaugurated one of the largest public libraries in Rio, with 90,000 volumes and a multimedia center.

The Academy annually awards several literary prizes: the Prêmio Machado de Assis (the most important literature prize in the country, awarded for lifework), and the ABL prizes for poetry, for fiction and drama, for essays, critic and history of the literature, and for children's literature. Sometimes, an extraordinary commemorative prize is also awarded, such as the José Lins do Rego prize, in 2001, and the Afonso Arinos prize, in 2005.

The Academy also publishes a literary periodical, the Brazilian Review (Revista Brasileira), with quarterly editions.

Contents

Original patrons

  1. Adelino Fontoura
  2. Álvares de Azevedo
  3. Artur de Oliveira
  4. Basílio da Gama
  5. Bernardo Guimarães
  6. Casimiro de Abreu
  7. Castro Alves
  8. Cláudio Manuel da Costa
  9. Gonçalves de Magalhães
  10. Evaristo da Veiga
  11. Fagundes Varela
  12. França Júnior
  13. Francisco Otaviano
  14. Franklin Távora
  15. Gonçalves Dias
  16. Gregório de Mattos
  17. Hipólito da Costa
  18. João Francisco Lisboa
  19. Joaquim Caetano da Silva
  20. Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
  21. Joaquim Serra
  22. José Bonifácio the Younger
  23. José de Alencar
  24. Júlio Ribeiro
  25. Junqueira Freire
  26. Laurindo Rabelo
  27. Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro
  28. Manuel Antônio de Almeida
  29. Martins Pena
  30. Pardal Mallet
  31. Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa
  32. Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre
  33. Raul Pompeia
  34. Sousa Caldas
  35. Tavares Bastos
  36. Teófilo Dias
  37. Tomás Antônio Gonzaga
  38. Tobias Barreto
  39. Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen
  40. José Maria da Silva Paranhos

Correspondents

  1. Alexandre de Gusmão
  2. António José da Silva
  3. Manuel Botelho de Oliveira
  4. Eusébio de Mattos
  5. Francisco de Sousa
  6. Matias Aires
  7. Nuno Marques Pereira
  8. Sebastião da Rocha Pita
  9. Santa Rita Durão
  10. Vicente do Salvador
  11. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira
  12. Antônio de Morais Silva
  13. Domingos Borges de Barros
  14. Francisco do Monte Alverne
  15. Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo
  16. José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
  17. Odorico Mendes
  18. Manuel Inácio da Silva Alvarenga
  19. Sotero dos Reis
  20. José da Silva Lisboa

Presidents

Current members

The members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (June 2008):

  1. Ana Maria Machado
  2. Tarcísio Padilha
  3. Carlos Heitor Cony
  4. Carlos Nejar
  5. José Murilo de Carvalho
  6. Cícero Sandroni
  7. Nelson Pereira dos Santos
  8. Cleonice Berardinelli
  9. Alberto da Costa e Silva
  10. Lêdo Ivo
  11. Hélio Jaguaribe
  12. Alfredo Bosi
  13. Sergio Paulo Rouanet
  14. Celso Lafer
  15. Fernando Bastos de Ávila
  16. Lygia Fagundes Telles
  17. Affonso Arinos de M. Franco
  18. Arnaldo Niskier
  19. Antonio Carlos Secchin
  20. Murilo Melo Filho
  21. Paulo Coelho
  22. Ivo Pitanguy
  23. Luiz Paulo Horta
  24. Sábato Magaldi
  25. Alberto Venancio Filho
  26. Marcos Vinicios Rodrigues Vilaça
  27. Eduardo Portella
  28. Domício Proença Filho
  29. Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti
  30. Nélida Piñon
  31. Moacyr Scliar
  32. Ariano Suassuna
  33. Evanildo Bechara
  34. João Ubaldo Ribeiro
  35. Candido Antonio Mendes de Almeida
  36. João de Scantimburgo
  37. Ivan Junqueira
  38. José Sarney
  39. Marco Maciel
  40. Evaristo de Moraes Filho

Gallery of the Immortals