Arrays
Um array no PHP é atualmente um mapa ordenado. Um mapa é um tipo que relaciona valores para chaves. Este tipo é otimizado de várias maneiras, então você pode usá-lo como um array real, ou uma lista (vetor), hashtable (que é uma implementação de mapa), dicionário, coleção, pilha, fila e provavelmente mais. Como você pode ter outro array PHP como um valor, você pode facilmente simular árvores.
A explicação dessas estruturas estão além do escopo desse manual, mas você pode encontrar exemplos para cada uma dessas estruturas a seguir. Para mais informações sobre estruturas, refira-se a literatura externa sobre esses tópicos.
Sintaxe
Especificando com array()
Um array pode ser criado com o construtor de linguagem array(). Ele pega um certo número de pares separados por vírgula chave => valor .
array( chave => valor , ... ) // chave pode ser tanto string ou um integer // valor pode ser qualquer coisa
<?php
$arr = array("foo" => "bar", 12 => true);
echo $arr["foo"]; // bar
echo $arr[12]; // 1
?>
A chave pode ser tanto um integer ou uma string. Se a chave é uma representação padrão de um integer, ele será interpretado assim (por exemplo, "8" será interpretado como 8, enquanto "08" será interpretado como "08"). Flotas em key são truncados para integer. Não há diferença entre arrais indexados e associativos em PHP, apenas um tipo de array, que pode ter índices inteiros ou string.
O valor pode ser qualquer tipo PHP:
<?php
$arr = array("somearray" => array(6 => 5, 13 => 9, "a" => 42));
echo $arr["somearray"][6]; // 5
echo $arr["somearray"][13]; // 9
echo $arr["somearray"]["a"]; // 42
?>
Se omitir a chave quando fornece um novo item, o maior índice inteiro é obtido, e a nova chave será esse máximo + 1. Se você especificar uma chave que já possui um valor assimilada a ela, então o valor é sobrescrito.
<?php
// Esse array é como ...
array(5 => 43, 32, 56, "b" => 12);
// ... este array
array(5 => 43, 6 => 32, 7 => 56, "b" => 12);
?>
A partir do PHP 4.3.0, o comportamento da geração de índice descrito acima foi modificado. Agora, se você aumentar um array em que o maior índice atual for negativo, então a próxima chave criada será zero (0). Antes, o novo índice seria o maior índice existente mais 1, do mesmo jeito que os índices positivos.
Utilizar TRUE como chave será interpretado como o integer 1 na chave. Utilizando FALSE como chave será avaliado como o integer 0. Usar NULL como chave é interpretado como uma string vazia. Usar uma string vazia como chave irá criar (ou sobrescerver) uma chave com uma string vazia e seu valor, e isto não é o mesmo que usar colchetes vazios.
Você não pode usar arrays ou objetos como chaves. Fazendo isso resultará em um alerta: Illegal offset type.
Criando/modificando com a sintaxe de colchetes
Você pode também modificar um array existente explicitamente assimilando valores nele.
Isto é feito apenas assimilando valores para o array enquanto especificando a chave em colchetes. Você pode omitir a chave, colocando um par vazio de colchetes ("[]").
$arr[chave] = valor; $arr[] = valor; // chave tanto um integer ou string // valor pode ser qualquer coisaSe $arr não existir ainda, ele será criado. Então isto é um meio alternativo para especificar um array. Para mudar um certo valor, apenas assimile um novo valor para um elemento especificado por sua chave. Se você quiser remover um par chave/valor, você precisa aplicar unset() nele.
<?php
$arr = array(5 => 1, 12 => 2);
$arr[] = 56; // Isto é o mesmo que $arr[13] = 56;
// nesse ponto do script
$arr["x"] = 42; // Isto acrescenta um novo elemento
// para o array com a chave "x"
unset($arr[5]); // Isto remove um elemento do array
unset($arr); // E isto apaga todo o array
?>
Nota:
Como mencionado acima, não informar a chave dentro dos colchetes, então o maior índice inteiro é obtido, e a nova chave será esse máximo + 1. Se nenhum índice inteiro existir ainda, a chave será 0 (zero). Se você especificar uma chave que já possui um valor assimilada a ela, então o valor é sobrescrito.
AvisoA partir do PHP 4.3.0, o comportamento da geração de índice descrito acima foi modificado. Agora, se você aumentar um array em que o maior índice atual for negativo, então a próxima chave criada será zero (0). Antes, o novo índice seria o maior índice existente mais 1, do mesmo jeito que os índices positivos.
Note que a chave inteira maior utilizada para isso não precisa necessariamente existir no array. Ele pode ter existido no array desde a última vez que o array foi indexado. Veja o seguinte exemplo:
<?php
// Criando um array normal
$array = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
print_r($array);
// Agora apagando todos os itens, mas deixando o array intacto:
foreach ($array as $i => $value) {
unset($array[$i]);
}
print_r($array);
// Acrescentando um item (note que a chabe é 5, em vez de zero
// como voce pode ter esperado).
$array[] = 6;
print_r($array);
// Reindexando:
$array = array_values($array);
$array[] = 7;
print_r($array);
?>O exemplo acima irá imprimir:
Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 [2] => 3 [3] => 4 [4] => 5 ) Array ( ) Array ( [5] => 6 ) Array ( [0] => 6 [1] => 7 )
Funções úteis
Há uma série de funções muito úteis para trabalhar com arrays. Veja a seção sobre arrays.
Nota:
A função unset() permite apagar chaves de um array. Esteja avisado que o array NÃO vai ser reindexado. Se você somente usa "índices inteiros comuns" (começando do zero, aumentando um a um), você pode conseguir reindexar o aaray utilizando array_values().
<?php
$a = array( 1 => 'um', 2 => 'dois', 3 => 'três' );
unset( $a[2] );
/* irá produzir um array que pode ser definido como
$a = array( 1=>'um', 3=>'três');
e NÃO
$a = array( 1 => 'um', 2 => 'três');
*/
$b = array_values($a);
// Agora $b é o array(1 => 'um', 2 =>'três')
?>
foreach existe especificamente para lidar com arrays. Ele provém uma maneira fácil de percorrer qualquer array.
Array: faça e não faça
Porque $foo[bar] está errado?
Você sempre deve usar delimitadores em volta um índice de um array associativo. Por exemplo, utilizar $foo['bar'] e não $foo[bar]. Mas porque $foo[bar] está errado? Afinal de contas, você vê essa sintaxe nos scripts antigos:
<?php
$foo[bar] = 'inimigo';
echo $foo[bar];
// etc
?>
Nota: Isto não significa que você sempre deve delimitar as chaves nos arrays. Você não deve delimitar chaves que sejam constantes ou variáveis, porque isso vai impedir o PHP de interpretá-las.
<?php
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', true);
ini_set('html_errors', false);
// Arrays simples:
$array = array(1, 2);
$count = count($array);
for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
echo "\nVerificando $i: \n";
echo "Ruim: " . $array['$i'] . "\n";
echo "Bom: " . $array[$i] . "\n";
echo "Ruim: {$array['$i']}\n";
echo "Bom: {$array[$i]}\n";
}
?>O exemplo acima irá imprimir:
Verificando 0: Notice: Undefined index: $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9 Ruim: Bom: 1 Notice: Undefined index: $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11 Ruim: Bom: 1 Verificando 1: Notice: Undefined index: $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9 Ruim: Bom: 2 Notice: Undefined index: $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11 Ruim: Bom: 2
Mais exemplos para demonstrar esse fato:
<?php
// Vamos ver todos os erros
error_reporting(E_ALL);
$arr = array('fruta' => 'maçã', 'legume' => 'cenoura');
// Correto
print $arr['fruta']; // maçã
print $arr['legume']; // cenoura
// Errado. Isto funciona mas lança um erro PHP do
// nível E_NOTICE porque é utilizada uma constante indefinida (fruta)
//
// Repare: Quando utiliza-se a constrante indefinida fruta, o PHP assume 'fruta'
print $arr[fruta]; // maçã
// Agora vamos definir uma constante para demonstrar o que pode acontecer. Nós
// vamos assimilar o valor 'legume' para a constante de nome fruta
define('fruta', 'legume');
// Observe a diferenca agora
print $arr['fruit']; // maçã
print $arr[fruit]; // cenoura
// O exemplo seguinte é normal dentro de uma string. Constantes não são
// observadas dentro de strings e por isso nenhum E-NOTICE não é lançado aqui
print "Olá $arr[fruta]"; // Olá maçã
// Com uma exceção: chaves envolvendo arrays dentro de strings
// ativam a checagem de constantes, como em
print "Olá {$arr[fruta]}"; // Hello cenoura
print "Olá {$arr['fruta']}"; // Hello maçã
// E isso não funciona, resultando em um erro de interpretação do tipo:
// Parse error: parse error, expecting T_STRING' or T_VARIABLE' or T_NUM_STRING'
// Isso se aplica ao uso de superglobais em strings
print "Olá $arr['fruta']";
print "Olá $_GET['foo']";
// Nesse caso, use concatenacao
print "Olá " . $arr['fruta']; // Olá maçã
?>
Quando você ativa error_reporting() para mostrar erros de nível E_NOTICE (como configurando-a para E_ALL) você vê esses erros. Por padrão, error_reporting esté configurada para não mostrar esse nível de erro.
Como explicado na seção sintaxe, a chave precisa estar entre colchetes ('[' e ']'). Isto significa que você pode escrever coisas como isso:
<?php
echo $arr[algumafuncao($bar)];
?>
<?php
$error_descriptions[E_ERROR] = "Um erro fatal ocorreu";
$error_descriptions[E_WARNING] = "O PHP emitiu um alarme";
$error_descriptions[E_NOTICE] = "Apenas um aviso informal";
?>
<?php
$error_descriptions[1] = "Um erro fatal ocorreu";
$error_descriptions[2] = "O PHP emitiu um alarme";
$error_descriptions[8] = "Apenas um aviso informal";
?>
Como nós mostramos nos exemplos anteriores, $foo[bar] funciona mas está errado. Funciona porque bar, na sintaxe onde é utilizada é esperada como uma expressão constante. Entretanto, nesse caso não existe constante com o nome bar. O PHP, hoje, assume que você quer bar literalmente, como a string "bar", mas que você esqueceu de escrever os delimitadores.
Então, porque isso é tão mal?
Se em algum ponto do futuro, o time do PHP quiser acrescentar outra constante ou palavra chave, ou você mesmo introduzir outra constante na sua aplicação, você terá problemas. Por exemplo, se você já não pode utilizar as palavras empty e default dessa maneira, desde que elas são palavras reservadas especiais.
Nota: Só para fixar, dentro de uma string delimitada por aspas, é válido não englobar índices de arrays com apóstrofos, de forma que "$foo[bar]" é válido. Veja os exemplos anteriores para detalhes bem como na seção sobre interpretação de variáveis em strings.
Convertendo para array
Para qualquer dos tipos: integer, float, string, boolean e resource, se você converte um valor para um array, você obtêm um array com um elemento (de índice 0) contendo o valor escalar informado.
Se você converte um tipo object para um array, você obtêm as propriedades (variáveis membro) do objeto com elementos do array. As chaves serão o nome das variáveis membro com pequenas notáveis exceções: variáveis privada tem o nome da classe prefixado no nome da variável; variáveis protegidas tem um '*' prefixando o nome da variável. Estes prefixos tem null bytes em ambos os lados. Isto pode resultado em algum comportamente inesperado.
<?php
class A {
private $A; // This will become '\0A\0A'
}
class B extends A {
private $A; // This will become '\0B\0A'
public $AA; // This will become 'AA'
}
var_dump((array) new B());
?>
Se você converter um valor NULL para um array, você terá um array vazio.
Comparando
É possível comparar arrays através de array_diff() e operadorores de array.
Exemplos
O tipo array do PHP é muito versátil, por isso temos aqui alguns exemplos para mostrar todo o poder dos arrays.
<?php
// isto
$a = array( 'cor' => 'vermelha',
'sabor' => 'doce',
'forma' => 'redonda',
'nome' => 'maçã',
4 // a chave será 0
);
// isto é equivalente a acima
$a['cor'] = 'vermelha';
$a['sabor'] = 'doce';
$a['forma'] = 'redonda';
$a['nome'] = 'maçã';
$a[] = 4; // a chave será 0
$b[] = 'a';
$b[] = 'b';
$b[] = 'c';
// o mesmo de array( 0 => 'a' , 1 => 'b' , 2 => 'c' ),
// ou simplesmente array('a', 'b', 'c')
?>
Exemplo #1 Utilizando array()
<?php
// Array como (propriedade-)mapa
$map = array( 'versao' => 4,
'OS' => 'Linux',
'lang' => 'inglês',
'short_tags' => true
);
// apenas chaves numéricas
$array = array( 7,
8,
0,
156,
-10
);
// que é o mesmo que array( 0 => 7, 1 => 8, ...)
$switching = array( 10, // chave = 0
5 => 6,
3 => 7,
'a' => 4,
11, // chave = 6 (o índice máximo era 5)
'8' => 2, // chave = 8 (inteiro!)
'02' => 77, // chave = '02'
0 => 12 // o valor 10 será sobrescrito por 12
);
// array vazio
$empty = array();
?>
Exemplo #2 Coleção
<?php
$cores = array('vermelho', 'azul', 'verde', 'amarelo');
foreach ($cores as $cor) {
echo "Você gosta de $cor?\n";
}
?>
O exemplo acima irá imprimir:
Você gosta de vermelho? Você gosta de azul? Você gosta de verde? Você gosta de amarelo?
Mudando diretamente valores de array é possível desde o PHP 5, passando-os como referência. Em versões anteriores precisava de um workaround:
Exemplo #3 Coleção
<?php
// PHP 5
foreach ($colors as &$color) {
$color = strtoupper($color);
}
unset($color); /* ensure that following writes to
$color will not modify the last array element */
// Workaround for older versions
foreach ($colors as $key => $color) {
$colors[$key] = strtoupper($color);
}
print_r($colors);
?>
O exemplo acima irá imprimir:
Array ( [0] => RED [1] => BLUE [2] => GREEN [3] => YELLOW )
Este exemplo cria um array na base 1.
Exemplo #4 Array baseado em 1
<?php
$primeiroquarto = array(1 => 'Janeiro', 'Fevereiro', 'Março');
print_r($primeiroquarto);
?>
O exemplo acima irá imprimir:
Array ( [1] => 'Janeiro' [2] => 'Fevereiro' [3] => 'Março' )
Exemplo #5 Preenchendo um array real
<?php
// preenchendo um array com todos os itens de um diretório
$handle = opendir('.');
while (false !== ($file = readdir($handle))) {
$files[] = $file;
}
closedir($handle);
?>
Arrays são ordenados. Você pode mudar sua ordem utilizando vários funções de ordenação. Veja as funções de arrays para mais informações. Você pode contar o número de itens de um array com a função count().
Exemplo #6 Ordenando arrays
<?php
sort($files);
print_r($files);
?>
Porque o valor de um array pode ser qualquer coisa, isto pode ser outro array. Isto pode criar arrays recursivos e multidimensionais.
Exemplo #7 Arrays recursivos e multidimensionais
<?php
$fruits = array ( "frutas" => array ( "a" => "laranja",
"b" => "banana",
"c" => "maçã",
),
"numeros" => array ( 1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
),
"buracos" => array ( "primeiro",
5 => "segundo",
"terceiro",
),
);
// Alguns exemplo de enderecos dos valores do array acima
echo $fruits["buracos"][5]; // prints "segundo"
echo $fruits["frutas"]["a"]; // prints "laranja"
unset($fruits["buracos"][0]); // remove "primeiro"
// Criando um novo array multidimensional
$sucos["maca"]["verde"] = "bom";
?>
Você precisa estar ciente que a atribuição sempre envolve cópia de valor. Também significa que o ponteiro interno do array usado por current() e funções similares são resetados. Você precisa utilizar o operador de referência para copiar um array por referência.
<?php
$arr1 = array(2, 3);
$arr2 = $arr1;
$arr2[] = 4; // $arr2 é modificado,
// $arr1 continua sendo apenas array(2, 3)
$arr3 = &$arr1;
$arr3[] = 4; // agora $arr1 e $arr3 sao os mesmos
?>
User Contributed Notes
please note that when arrays are copied, the "reference status" of their members is preserved (https://www.php.net/manual/pt_BR/language.references.whatdo.php).
This is another way to get value from a multidimensional array, but for versions of php >= 5.3.x
<?php
function array_value_recursive($key, array $arr){
$val = null;
array_walk_recursive($arr, function($v, $k) use($key, &$val){
$val = $k == $key ? $v : (!is_null($val) ? $val : false);
});
return $val;
}
$arr = array(
'foo' => 'foo',
'bar' => array(
'baz' => 'baz',
'candy' => 'candy',
'vegetable' => array(
'carrot' => 'carrot',
)
),
'fruits' => 'fruits',
);
var_dump(array_value_recursive('carrot', $arr)); // string(6) "carrot"
var_dump(array_value_recursive('apple', $arr)); // bool(false)
var_dump(array_value_recursive('baz', $arr)); // string(3) "baz"
var_dump(array_value_recursive('candy', $arr)); // string(5) "candy"
var_dump(array_value_recursive('pear', $arr)); // bool(false)
?>
Possibly unexpected behaviour:
<?php
$array = array();
var_dump($array['key']); // E_NOTICE (undefined key)
$null = null;
var_dump($null['key']); // no E_NOTICE
?>
I was in need to get value of key which resides at any level in an multidimensional array. Unfortunately there is no such array function. So I write my own as below...
<?php
function array_get_key_val($key, $heystack) {
if (is_array($heystack)) {
foreach ($heystack as $k => $v) {
if ($k == $key) {
return $v;
}
elseif (is_array($v)) {
return array_get_key_val($key, $v);
}
}
}
return FALSE;
}
?>
Hope this will help to few.
I'm want to save values in array and display its, can to simple way:
<?php
$arr1 = array();//begin array
$index = 0;//array's index
$value_return = array();//Values me need
for($i = 0; $i<10; $i++)
{
$arr1[$i] = rand(10, 100);//use to be function random for get values from 10 to 100.
if($arr1[$i]%2 == 0)//Get values me need.
{
$value_return[$index] = $arr1[$i];//save values in this array
$index += 1;//get space save for index.
}
}
//display result.
foreach($value_return as $value_display)
echo "</br>".$value_display."</br>";
print_r($arr1);
?>
Sometimes you may need an array of constants including concatenated strings.
That works fine in this case:
<?php
define("GLUE", "&");
function array_to_string($a) {
$r = "";
foreach ($a as $key => $value) { $r .= "$key => $value<br>"; };
return $r;
}
// DECLARING ARRAY (1)
$array = array("one", "two", "one".GLUE."two");
echo array_to_string($array);
?>
This seems rather strange behavior in a CLASS nevertheless:
<?php
class wrong_class {
// DECLARING ARRAY (2)
private $array = array("one", "two", "one".GLUE."two");
function __toString() {
return array_to_string($this->array);
}
}
$wc = new wrong_class();
echo $wc;
/*
Parse error: parse error, expecting `')'' in ... code on line 21
*/
?>
Anyway, if you force this declaring method inside a CLASS, you could change the object map directly:
<?php
class proper_class {
function __construct() {
// DECLARING ARRAY (3)
$this->array = array("one", "two", "one".GLUE."two");
}
function __toString() {
return array_to_string($this->array);
}
}
$pc = new proper_class();
echo $pc;
?>
Multidimensional arrays work great for checking search options if they exist in a $_GET string. The following saved me a lot of time.
<?php
$advanced_option['color'] = array("red", "blue", "green");
$advanced_option['state'] = array("new", "broken");
$advanced_option['state'] = array("on","off");
foreach($advanced_option as $y => $advanced_option[$y])
{
// HERE WARE ARE GOING INTO EACH ARRAY'S VALUES/ITEMS
$sub_array = $advanced_option[$y];
foreach($sub_array as $z => $sub_array[$z])
{
// IF THE SEARCH OPTI0N EXISTS IN THE GET STRING, SET AN ARRAY NAMED AFTER THAT VALUE TO BE CHECKED (FOR CHECKBOXES & RADIOBUTTONS)
if ($_GET[$y] == $advanced_option[$y][$z])
{
$checked[$advanced_option[$y][$z]] = "checked";
}
}
}
?>
In case you had to get an element from a function-returned array without having to save the array to a variable, here's a workaround I've come up with.
<?php
$stuff = 'something random here';
// To get the first element in the array, use reset
echo reset(explode(' ', $stuff));
// Returns "something"
// To get the last element, use end
echo end(explode(' ', $stuff));
// Returns "here"
// For an in-between element, you can use array_search on the flipped array
$i = 1; //key for the element
echo array_search($i, array_flip(explode(' ', $stuff)));
// Returns "random"
?>
Heres a simple function I wrote to remove a value from an array, without leaving a hole:
<?php
function removeFromArray(&$array, $key){
foreach($array as $j=>$i){
if($i == $key){
$array = array_values(unset($array[$j]));
return true;
break;
}
}
?>
Returns true on success, or false on failure. The array will be automatically updated
It is true that "array assignment always involves value copying", but the copy is a "lazy copy". This means that the data of the two variables occupy the same memory as long as no array element changes.
E.g., if you have to pass an array to a function that only needs to read it, there is no advantage at all in passing it by reference.
Like in Perl, you can use curly braces ({}) instead of square brackets ([]) to access array members:
<?php
$a = array ();
$a[7] = 'seven';
$a{'hello'} = 'world';
print $a{7} . ' ' . $a['hello'];
?>
Prints 'seven world'.
I couldn't find a way to Trim an array in PHP so i wrote this little function that seemed to do the trick. It will trim the array down to a specified size
<?php
//Utility Function to Trim Array
function trim_array(array $array,$int){
$newArray = array();
for($i=0; $i<$int; $i++){
array_push($newArray,$array[$i]);
}
return (array)$newArray;
}
?>
Example:
var_dump($treatList);
array(3) {
["id"]=>
string(3) "476"
["categoryID"]=>
string(2) "49"
["title"]=>
string(55) "80% off Sidewalk Crawling Classes from Urban Adventures"
$treatList = trim_array($listist,2);
Will result in:
var_dump($treatList);
array(2) {
["id"]=>
string(3) "476"
["categoryID"]=>
string(2) "49"
function array_closest_key($needle,$haystack){
foreach($haystack as $key => $value){
if($needle <= $value){
return $key;
}
}
}
Get the closest key to the specified $needle out of $haystack.
<?php
/**
* Functions for examining and manipulating matrices (n-dimensional arrays) of data
* with string dot-separated paths. For example, you might do this with multidimensional
* array:
* $var = $array['someKey']['cats']['dogs']['potato'];
*
* Accomplishing this can be a nightmare if you don't know the depth of the path or the array
* is of a variable dimension.
*
* You can accomplish the same by using $array as a Matrix:
* $array = new Matrix($array);
* $var = $array->get('someKey.cats.dogs.potato);
*
* @author Daniel Tomasiewicz <www.fourstaples.com>
*/
class Matrix {
private $data;
public function __construct(array $data = array()) {
$this->data = $data;
}
/**
* Gets the value at the specified path.
*/
public function get($path = null) {
if($path === null) {
return $this->data;
}
$segs = explode('.', $path);
$target =& $this->data;
for($i = 0; $i < count($segs)-1; $i++) {
if(isset($target[$segs[$i]]) && is_array($target[$segs[$i]])) {
$target =& $target[$segs[$i]];
} else {
return null;
}
}
if(isset($target[$segs[count($segs)-1]])) {
return $target[$segs[count($segs)-1]];
} else {
return null;
}
}
/**
* Sets a value to a specified path. If the provided value is
* null, the existing value at the path will be unset.
*/
public function set($path, $value = null) {
if(is_array($path)) {
foreach($path as $p => $v) {
$this->set($p, $v);
}
} else {
$segs = explode('.', $path);
$target =& $this->data;
for($i = 0; $i < count($segs)-1; $i++) {
if(!isset($target[$segs[$i]])) {
$target[$segs[$i]] = array();
}
$target =& $target[$segs[$i]];
}
if($segs[count($segs)-1] == '*') {
foreach($target as $key => $value) {
$target[$key];
}
} elseif($value === null && isset($target[$segs[count($segs)-1]])) {
unset($target[$segs[count($segs)-1]]);
} else {
$target[$segs[count($segs)-1]] = $value;
}
}
}
/**
* Returns a flattened version of the data (one-dimensional array
* with dot-separated paths as its keys).
*/
public function flatten($path = null) {
$data = $this->get($path);
if($path === null) {
$path = '';
} else {
$path .= '.';
}
$flat = array();
foreach($data as $key => $value) {
if(is_array($value)) {
$flat += $this->flatten($path.$key);
} else {
$flat[$path.$key] = $value;
}
}
return $flat;
}
/**
* Expands a flattened array to an n-dimensional matrix.
*/
public static function expand($flat) {
$matrix = new Matrix();
foreach($flat as $key => $value) {
$matrix->set($key, $value);
}
return $matrix;
}
}
?>
If you ever wondered if you can do something like:
<?php
$a = function_that_returns_an_array()['some_index']['some_other_index'] ;
?>
The answer is no, you can't. But you can use the following function. I named it i() because it's a short name and stands for "to index".
<?php
/**
* Usage: i( $array, $index [, $index2, $index3 ...] )
*
* This is functionally equivalent to $array[$index1][$index2][$index3]...
*
* It can replace the more prolix
*
* $tmp = some_function_that_returns_an_array() ;
* $value = $tmp['some_index']['some_other_index'] ;
*
* by doing the job with a single line of code as in
*
* $value = i( some_function_that_returns_an_array(), 'some_index', 'some_other_index' ) ;
*
* Note that since this function is slower than direct indexing, it should only be used in cases like the one
* described above, for improving legibility.
*
* @param $array
* @param $index
* @param [optional] $index2, index3, ...
* @throws Exception when the indexes do not exist
*/
function i(){
$args = func_get_args();
$array = $args[0];//gets the fist parameter, $array
$indexes = $args;
unset($indexes[0]);//because indexes[0] is actually not an index, but the first parameter, $array
foreach( $indexes as $index ){
if( (! is_array($array)) || (! array_key_exists( $index, $array )) ){
throw new Exception("Array index out of bounds. Parameters:".print_r($args,true));
}
$array = $array[$index];
}
return $array;
}
?>
Here's a function to recursively convert objects to arrays and remove the special characters from private and protected variables. I use it with XML_Serializer to convert objects to XML.
<?php
function object_to_array($mixed) {
if(is_object($mixed)) $mixed = (array) $mixed;
if(is_array($mixed)) {
$new = array();
foreach($mixed as $key => $val) {
$key = preg_replace("/^\\0(.*)\\0/","",$key);
$new[$key] = object_to_array($val);
}
}
else $new = $mixed;
return $new;
}
?>
Just in case someone finds it usefull.
If you want to capitalize the first letter of each word in the array you could:
<?php
$myarray = array("one","two","three","four","etc..");
$map = array_map('ucfirst', $myarray);
$j = join(' , ', $map);
echo $j;
?>
This will return: One , Two , Three , Four , Etc..
Probably it's not worth of posting it, but just thought beginners might find it usefull.
This is a modification of a function like this which works with two dimensional arrays. Pass a 2d array to this function and my function will return an array of the arrays with the specified key-value pair (specified by $key and $value).
<?php
function seekKey($array, $key, $value)
{
$ret = array();
for ($i=0;$i<count($array);$i++)
{
if ($array[$i][$key]==$value)
$ret[] = $array[$i];
}
return $ret;
}
?>
You can actually create arrays in arrays; just consider the following code:
<?php
function LoadData($file)
{
$lines = file($file) or die('Could not open file');
foreach($lines as $line)
{
$i[] = array($line);
print_r($i[1])
}
LoadData('file.csv');
?>
A (.csv-)file is loaded into the function LoadData and stored in the array $lines. Then foreach puts the values from the $lines-array into $line and $i is defined as an array of the array $line. Please note that this type of code could take up much of CPU-usage; it generates a multi-dimensional array.
When $i is printed (in the example, value 1 of the array) it would display:
Array ( [0] => Array (
[0] => 7;75;X;0;0;1;0;3;Gr;Br;Do;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;
[1] => ;200;K;0;0;0;0;0;Gr;0;0;0;0;ZL;0;0;0;0;0;
[2] => ;260;Z;;;;;;Gr;;;;;VL;;;;;;
[3] => ;270;K;;;;1;;Gr;Br;Li;;;;;;;;;
[4] => ;500;V;;;;;;Br;;;;;;;;;;;
[5] => 6;60;X;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
[6] => ;80;K;;;;;;Gr;;;;;ZL;;;;;;
[7] => ;210;Z;;;;;;Gr;;;;;;;;;;;
)
Note for PHP 5.3 changed behavior in 'erroneous' array creation:
Prior to PHP 5.3, this array definition (note the duplicate key):
<?php $a = array ('foo' => 1, 'bar' => 2, 'foo' => 3); ?>
Would create the following array:
array(
'foo' => 3,
'bar' => 2
)
So the /second/ key in the duplicate would override the first declaration.
Now with PHP 5.3, the following array will be created:
array(
'foo' => 1,
'bar' => 2
)
So the second duplicate key would be ignored.
Note that the array declaration indeed contains an error, but if your legacy code contains such array declaration, you will be hurt because of the changed behavior.
A simple function to check if you can use your variable as an array offset validly and without getting it typecasted.
<?php
function is_safe_offset($offset) {
return array_pop(@array_flip(array($offset => 0))) === $offset;
}
$a = 8;
var_dump(is_safe_offset($a)); // true
$b = '8';
var_dump(is_safe_offset($b)); // false
$c = '08';
var_dump(is_safe_offset($c)); // true
$d = 'foo';
var_dump(is_safe_offset($d)); // true
$e = 3.8;
var_dump(is_safe_offset($e)); // false
$f = false;
var_dump(is_safe_offset($f)); // false
$g = null;
var_dump(is_safe_offset($g)); // false
$h = array();
var_dump(is_safe_offset($h)); // false
$i = new StdClass;
var_dump(is_safe_offset($i)); // false
?>
Hello,
to check if an element was set is actually pretty simple:
<?php
$array = ('first' => 1,
'sec' => 2
);
$out = (isset($array['third'])) ? $array['third'] : 'third not set...';
echo $out;
?>
greets,
genix
Trying to get array element that was not set, throws ERROR_NOTICE and returns NULL. Example:
<?php /* php v.4.4.7 */
$array = array(
'apple' => 'green',
'orange' => 'orange',
);
$pear_color = $array['pear']; // Notice: Undefined index: pear in /path/to/file.php on line 123
var_dump($pear_color); // NULL
?>
Haven't found that mentioned on this page.
Note that NULL is not exactly a scalar value, so the following two lines of code do NOT produce identical arrays.
<?php
$x = (array) null; // $x ends up an empty array (zero elements)
$y = array(null); // $y ends up an array containing one element (a null)
?>
Re: fmouse,
the phenomenom you're describing pertains to superglobals, not arrays, and it only applies in a very specific scope. Check out https://www.php.net/manual/pt_BR/language.variables.variable.php :
"Please note that variable variables cannot be used with PHP's Superglobal arrays within functions or class methods. The variable $this is also a special variable that cannot be referenced dynamically."
>fmouse
Variable variables can be used with arrays as discussed in the variable variable section.
Also, from your code, $somevar can be an array and still work fine.
$fum = "somevar";
$$fum = array(); // $somevar is now an array
$foo = $$fum;
print_r( $foo); // we get an empty array printed
print_r() doesn't just print arrays, it prints any variable type.
If you pass it a variable, that hasn't been defined yet, it won't know how to print it.
You would get this same results by passing any undefined variable such as:
print_r( $bar ); // PHP Notice: undefined variable ...$bar
Using variables as array names no longer works in PHP5.
$fum = "somevar";
$foo = $$fum;
# Still works if $somevar isn't an array. $foo contains the value of $somevar
but ....
$fum = "_POST";
print_r($$fum);
print_r(${$fum});
Neither form of indirection works in this context. $$fum comes back empty.
If you have PHP4 code that used this kind of indirection you can work around the change in PHP5 using an eval().
$fum = "_POST";
$foo = eval("return $$fum;");
print_r($foo);
This works!
Sorting double dimensional arrays by a specified key bothe for Strings and for integers:
Ex:
$personDetails = array( array("firstName" => "Nancy", "lastName" => "Grace", "age" => 22), array("firstName" => "Andy", "lastName" => "Peter", "age" => 28), array("firstName" => "Jim", "lastName" => "Gary", "age" => 25), array("firstName" => "Lary", "lastName" => "James", "age" => 28), array("firstName" => "Peter", "lastName" => "David", "age" => 17), array("firstName" => "Raj", "lastName" => "King", "age" => 9), array("firstName" => "John", "lastName" => "Baxter","age" => 35) );
//To sort the array by firstName:-
function sortFirstName($p1, $p2) {
return strnatcmp($p1['firstName'], $p2['firstName']);
}
usort($personDetails, 'sortFirstName');
//To sort by an integer Field
function sortByInteger(&$personDetails, $field) {
$sort = "return strnatcmp(\$p1['$field'], \$p2['$field']);";
usort($personDetails, create_function('$p1,$p2', $sort));
return $personDetails;
}
$personDetails = sortByInteger($personDetails, 'age');
//To sort the array in Descending order by a key, It can be done by adding "-" sign before strnatcmp() function.
I hope this helps
"If you convert a NULL value to an array, you get an empty array."
This turns out to be a useful property. Say you have a search function that returns an array of values on success or NULL if nothing found.
$values = search(...);
Now you want to merge the array with another array. What do we do if $values is NULL? No problem:
$combined = array_merge((array)$values, $other);
Voila.
z on 22-Apr-2005 12:10 wrote:
-----------------------------------------------
Here's a simple function to insert a value into some position in an array
<?php
function array_insert($array,$pos,$val)
{
$array2 = array_splice($array,$pos);
$array[] = $val;
$array = array_merge($array,$array2);
return $array;
}
?>
and now for example...
<?php
$a = array("John","Paul","Peter");
$a = array_insert($a,1,"Mike");
?>
Now $a will be "John","Mike","Paul","Peter"
-----------------------------------------------
Im learning to use PHP and reading about array_splice found that
<?php
function array_insert($array,$pos,$val)
{
$array2 = array_splice($array,$pos);
$array[] = $val;
$array = array_merge($array,$array2);
return $array;
}
$a = array("John","Paul","Peter");
$a = array_insert($a,1,"Mike");
print_r($a);
?>
would output the same as
<?php
$b = array("John","Paul","Peter");
array_splice($b,1,0,array("Mike"));
print_r($b);
?>
<?php
//Simple Login Script using associative array.
//You may modify the codes and use $_POST['FORM_FIELD_DATA'] for your web-page.
//You may spice-up the codes with more form field validation & security features.
//$user_name=$_POST['user_name'];
//$password=$_POST['password'];
$test_user_name = 'michelle_smith'; //for testing purpose only
$test_password = 'msmith321'; //for testing purpose only
$user_name = $test_user_name;
$password = $test_password;
// here user_name is key and password is the value of an array..
// website owner has to add new user/site member manually in $login_array
$login_array = array(
'user_name' => 'password',
'alex_duff' => 'alx321',
'xena78' => 'xena321',
'dela_pena' => 'delp321',
'shawn_1981' => 'shw81',
'michelle_smith' => 'msmith321');
ksort ($login_array);
reset($login_array);
if (isset($login_array[$user_name]))
{
$pass_check = $login_array[$user_name];
if ($password === $pass_check)
{
echo "Welcome, $user_name!\n<br>"; //may redirect to specific webpage.
}
else
{
echo "Please try again!"; //may redirect to Error page.
}
}
else
{
echo "Please register with us. Thanks!"; //may redirect to registration page.
exit();
}
echo("\n<br>");
echo 'Thanks to Thies C. Arntzen, Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Andi Gutmans, Rasmus Lerdorf, Sam Ruby, Sascha Schumann, Zeev Suraski, Jim Winstead, Andrei Zmievski for wonderful PHP!';
?>
Its worth noting that there does not appear to be any functional limitations on the length or content of string indexes. The string indexes for your arrays can contain any characters, including new line characters, and can be of any length:
<?php
$key = "XXXXX";
$test = array($key => "test5");
for ($x = 0; $x < 500; $x++) {
$key .= "X";
$value = "test" . strlen($key);
$test[$key] = $value;
}
echo "<pre>";
print_r($test);
echo "</pre>";
?>
Keep in mind that using extremely long array indexes is not a good practice and could cost you lots of extra CPU time. However, if you have to use a long string as an array index you won't have to worry about the length or content.
<?php
//EXAMPLE of Multi-Dimentional Array where as an array's keys are an array itself.
//It's so easy to create one like this.
$movie_to_watch = array ('Action'=>
array('Kanu Reeves' => 'Matrix Reloaded',
'Pearce Brosnan' => 'Die Another Day',
'Tom Cruz' => 'Mission Impossible',
'Jason Statham' => 'Crank',
'Danzel Washington' => 'Man on Fire'),
'Comedy' =>
array ('Charlie Chaplin' => 'City Lights',
'Jim Carrey' => 'Cable Guy',
'Rowan Atkinson' => 'The Ultimate Disaster'));
$type_wanted = 'Action'; //You may switch type from Action to Comedy.
$hero_wanted = 'Pearce Brosnan'; // You may switch hero from Pearce Brosnan to Jim Carrey.
print ("$hero_wanted 's $type_wanted movie is " . $movie_to_watch[$type_wanted][$hero_wanted].".");
// produces browser output as under:
// Pearce Brosnan 's Action movie is Die Another Day.
?>
Hey..
here is a function which helps to avoid using empty/isset
checkings for arrays.
(it's acts simillar to 'default' modifier in Smarty)
Using this function you will avoid 'Undefined index' or
'Undefined offset' error.
<?php
$_POST['id']['other'] = 'val1';
/*
key exist (same as $_POST['id'][other])
*/
echo getRequestParam('id[other]', 'default value');
/*
key doesn't exist, we get default value (same as $_POST['var'])
*/
echo getRequestParam('var', 'default value');
function getRequestParam( $var, $default = '', $method = 'post' )
{
preg_match_all('!(\w+)!i',$var, $match );
array_shift($match);
$_vars = $match[0];
$ret = null;
if( strtoupper($method) == 'POST' ) {
$ret = _findRequestParam($_vars, $_POST);
}
elseif( strtoupper($method) == 'GET' ) {
$ret = _findRequestParam($_vars, $_GET);
}
elseif( strtoupper($method) == 'COOKIE' ) {
$ret = _findRequestParam($_vars, $_COOKIE);
}
elseif( strtoupper($method) == 'SESSION' ) {
$ret = _findRequestParam($_vars, $_SESSION);
}
if (! $ret )
return $default;
else
return $ret;
}
/**
@access private
*/
function _findRequestParam($vars, $find_in , $curr_key = 0)
{
static $ret;
if( array_key_exists($vars[$curr_key], $find_in) ) {
if( count( $vars)-1 == $curr_key ) {
$ret = $find_in[$vars[$curr_key]];
}
elseif( $curr_key < count( $vars)-1 ) {
_findRequestParam( $vars, $find_in[$vars[$curr_key]], $curr_key+1 );
}
}
return $ret;
}
?>
Hope this will help someone!
Another note on unquoted array indices. Because it is first interpreted as a constant, it must obey the naming convention of constants. i.e. a letter or underscore followed by optional letter, digit and/or underscore characters.
Therefore while the following array declaration is legal:
$a = array('1st'=>'First','2nd'=>'Second');
Trying to access either array item as follows causes an error:
$first = "$a[1st]";
$second = "$a[2nd]";
<b>Mark Gukov</b> wrote below:
Regarding the fact that there's no need to quote arrays keys when enclosed in double quotes: it only applies to single dimensional arrays.
The following works fine:
<?php
$r['a'] = 'apple';
echo "$r[a] is tasty.";
?>
...but in the case of multi-dimensional arrays:
<?php
$r['a']['b'] = 'banana';
echo "$r[a][b] is tasty.";
?>
would result in "Array[c] is tasty."
-----------------------------------------------------------------
However, the following runs fine;
$r['a']['b'] = 'banana';
echo "{$r[a][b]} is tasty.";
Just box it!
It's slightly faster to use array_splice to remove an element of an array:
array_splice($array, $index, 1)
than to do it using the suggested method of unset and reindex:
unset($array[$index]);
$array = array_values($array);
The difference, however, is very small. With 950 iterations I had times of
unset and reindex: 0.22837495803833
splice: 0.22392416000366
This Indonesian number speller function is twice
faster(*) than the one provided in class Terbilang by
anghuda(at)gmail(dot)com (25-May-2006 08:52):
http://www.lesantoso.com/terbilang.html
(*) 2.1 vs. 4.2 seconds in processing 10000 random numbers
On array recursion...
Given the following code:
<?
$myarray = array('test',123);
$myarray[] = &$myarray;
print_r($myarray);
?>
The print_r() will display *RECURSION* when it gets to the third element of the array.
There doesn't appear to be any other way to scan an array for recursive references, so if you need to check for them, you'll have to use print_r() with its second parameter to capture the output and look for the word *RECURSION*.
It's not an elegant solution, but it's the only one I've found, so I hope it helps someone.
About the automatic conversion of bare strings...
My opinion is that it never should have been implemented. Isn't it easier to NOT implement this "handy" feature in the first place? It is such a convenient way for "smart" programmers to write unsafe, not-futureproof code. Please remove this feature from future versions of PHP, please. (Hey, if you could change the OOP mechanisms between PHP 4 and PHP 5, why can't you make this change, right?)
This page should include details about how associative arrays are implemened inside PHP; e.g. using hash-maps or b-trees.
This has important implictions on the permance characteristics of associative arrays and how they should be used; e.g. b-tree are slow to insert but handle collisions better than hashmaps. Hashmaps are faster if there are no collisions, but are slower to retrieve when there are collisions. These factors have implictions on how associative arrays should be used.
Regarding the fact that there's no need to quote arrays keys when enclosed in double quotes: it only applies to single dimensional arrays.
The following works fine:
<?php
$r['a'] = 'apple';
echo "$r[a] is tasty.";
?>
...but in the case of multi-dimensional arrays:
<?php
$r['a']['b'] = 'banana';
echo "$r[a][b] is tasty.";
?>
would result in "Array[c] is tasty."
Regarding the message of phoenixbytes:
The line foreach($bad as $baddies); will just yield in $baddies the last value of the array $bad.
I think that wasn't your intention, in that case there are faster and better ways than foreach.
I think what you wanted to do is:
<?php
foreach($bad as $baddies) // make a collection
{
if (preg_match("/$baddies/i", $mailto)) // find a match
{
$addrmail = "false";
}
else
{
$addrmail = "true";
}
} // foreach end
?>
in response to ch dot martin at gmail dot com
If you are using the following code:
<?php
$r = array('05' => "abc", '35' => "def");
foreach ($r as $key=>$value)
var_dump($key);
?>
and you need the array key '35' to be a string (for looping maybe), you can make sure the key is a string by appending a 0 on the front.
'035' instead of '35'
Extremely irritating quirk regarding the variable types of array keys:
<?php
$r = array('05' => "abc", '35' => "def");
foreach ($r as $key=>$value)
var_dump($key);
?>
The first var_dump for '05' is:
string(2) "05"
as expected. But the second, '35', turns out as:
int(35)
Php apparently decided to make the 35 became an int, but not the 05 (presumably because it leads with a zero). As far as I can see, there is absolutely no way of making string(2) "35" an array key.
this is simpler tha function display_angka_bilangan by ktaufik(at)gmail(dot)com (16-Feb-2005 12:40)
<?
/*
*
* Class : Terbilang
* Spell quantity numbers in Indonesian or Malay Language
*
*
* author: huda m elmatsani
* 21 September 2004
* freeware
*
* example:
* $bilangan = new Terbilang;
* echo $bilangan -> eja(137);
* result: seratus tiga puluh tujuh
*
*
*/
Class Terbilang {
function terbilang() {
$this->dasar = array(1=>'satu','dua','tiga','empat','lima','enam',
'tujuh','delapan','sembilan');
$this->angka = array(1000000000,1000000,1000,100,10,1);
$this->satuan = array('milyar','juta','ribu','ratus','puluh','');
}
function eja($n) {
$i=0;
while($n!=0){
$count = (int)($n/$this->angka[$i]);
if($count>=10) $str .= $this->eja($count). " ".$this->satuan[$i]." ";
else if($count > 0 && $count < 10)
$str .= $this->dasar[$count] . " ".$this->satuan[$i]." ";
$n -= $this->angka[$i] * $count;
$i++;
}
$str = preg_replace("/satu puluh (\w+)/i","\\1 belas",$str);
$str = preg_replace("/satu (ribu|ratus|puluh|belas)/i","se\\1",$str);
return $str;
}
}
?>
phoenixbytes: The regex you have posted for matching email addresses is incorrect. Among other things, it does not allow '+' before the '@' (which is perfectly valid and can be quite useful to separate extensions of a single address). RFC 822 [1] defines the grammar for valid email addresses, and (the extemely long) regex implementing can be found at [2]. Even the "Add Note" page here at php.net says:
[quote]
And if you're posting an example of validating email addresses, please don't bother. Your example is almost certainly wrong for some small subset of cases. See this information from O'Reilly Mastering Regular Expressions book for the gory details.
[/quote]
A note to others: please do your homework before writing another email-matching regex.
[1] http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0822.txt?number=822
[2] http://www.ex-parrot.com/~pdw/Mail-RFC822-Address.html.
i use the array() function for deciding upon an email address's validity, i have a 'wap stalker' of my site that loves to exploit every hole i leave, so i used the following script to avoid being email bombed with my own file sender script, the array() is used to filter out undesirable email providers and, of course, any and all of my own addresses. before all that i used a REGEX to make sure it's an actual email address before going any further.
$mailto = "mail.domain.org"; // the input to be tested
if (preg_match("/^[A-Z0-9._%-]+@[A-Z0-9._%-]+\.[A-Z]{2,6}$/i", $mailto)) // see if it's really an email address
{
$bad = array('mytrashmail.com', 'mymail.ro', 'acasa.ro', 'gala.net', 'phoenixbytes'); // pick out the victims
foreach($bad as $baddies); // make a collection
if (preg_match("/$baddies/i", $mailto)) // find a match
{
$addrmail = "false";
}
else
{
$addrmail = "true";
}
}
else
{
$addrmail = "false";
}
$addrmail can then be used in an argument.
$baddies can be used to give a list, if necessary.
i hope this helps someone.
Passing variables into the array constructor:
Just a NOOB pointer, I couldn't find other examples for this. If you want to pass the value of an existing variable into the array() constructor, you can quote it or not, both methods are valid.
<?
$foo_value = 'foo string';
$bar_value = 'bar string';
$myArray = array(
'foo_key' => $foo_value, // not quoted
'bar_key' => "$bar_value"); // quoted
foreach ($myArray as $k => $v) {
echo "\$myArray[$k] => $v.<br />\n";
}
?>
Both of these will work as expected, but the unqoted $foo_value method above is marginally faster because adding quotes adds an additional string de-reference.
if you need to check a multidimensonal array for values it's handy to store it like
$ar['key1'][0]
$ar['key2'][0]
$ar['key3'][0]
$ar['key1'][1]
$ar['key2'][1]
$ar['key3'][1]
and to loop the keys.
Fill the array (from a database-request):
while($rf=mysql_fetch_row($rs))
{
$nr=$rf[0];
$channel['nr'][$nr]=$rf[1];
$channel['chatter'][$nr]=$rf[2];
}
Call the values:
foreach(array_keys($channel['nr']) as $test)
{
print ' nr:'.$test.'<br>';
print 'value nr: '.$channel['nr'][$test].'<br>';
print ' chatter: '.$channel['chatter'][$test].'<br>';
}
This is useful, if you have to look later for an element
inside the array:
if(in_array($new_value,$channel['nr'])) print 'do something.';
Hope this helps someone.
Regarding the previous comment, beware of the fact that reference to the last value of the array remains stored in $value after the foreach:
<?php
foreach ( $arr as $key => &$value )
{
$value = 1;
}
// without next line you can get bad results...
//unset( $value );
$value = 159;
?>
Now the last element of $arr has the value of '159'. If we remove the comment in the unset() line, everything works as expected ($arr has all values of '1').
Bad results can also appear in nested foreach loops (the same reason as above).
So either unset $value after each foreach or better use the longer form:
<?php
foreach ( $arr as $key => $value )
{
$arr[ $key ] = 1;
}
?>
Regarding the previous comment, thw following code does the job:
<?php
foreach($arr as $key => &$value) {
$value = 1;
}
?>
Regarding the previous comment, the fact that this code has no effect is perfectly expected:
<?php
foreach($arr as $value) {
$value = 1;
}
?>
The reason that this doesn't work, is because each time that PHP goes through the loop, it _copies_ the value of the array element into $value. So if you assign a new value to the data in $value, it has no effect on the actual array, because you only changed the value of the copy that was put in $value.
As was discovered in the previous post, the only way to get around this problem is to change the value in the original array. Hence, a typical foreach should instead look like this:
<?php
foreach($arr as $key => $value) {
$arr[$key] = 1;
}
?>
[Editor's note: You can achieve what you're looking for by referencing $single, rather than copying it by value in your foreach statement. See http://php.net/foreach for more details.]
Don't know if this is known or not, but it did eat some of my time and maybe it won't eat your time now...
I tried to add something to a multidimensional array, but that didn't work at first, look at the code below to see what I mean:
<?php
$a1 = array( "a" => 0, "b" => 1 );
$a2 = array( "aa" => 00, "bb" => 11 );
$together = array( $a1, $a2 );
foreach( $together as $single ) {
$single[ "c" ] = 3 ;
}
print_r( $together );
/* nothing changed result is:
Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[a] => 0
[b] => 1
)
[1] => Array
(
[aa] => 0
[bb] => 11
)
) */
foreach( $together as $key => $value ) {
$together[$key]["c"] = 3 ;
}
print_r( $together );
/* now it works, this prints
Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[a] => 0
[b] => 1
[c] => 3
)
[1] => Array
(
[aa] => 0
[bb] => 11
[c] => 3
)
)
*/
?>
It is a kind of simple muti-dimensional array list.
I have made it just to give a simple idea.
<?php
echo "Here we'll see how to create a multi-dimensional array.\n";
$a=array('fruits'=>array('a'=>'orange',
'b'=>'grape',c=>'apple'),
'numbers'=>array(1,2,3,4,5,6),
'holes'=>array('first',5=>'second',
'third')
);
foreach($a as $list=>$things){
foreach($things as $newlist=>$counter){
echo $counter;
}
}
?>
Here's a simple function to insert a value into some position in an array
<?php
function array_insert($array,$pos,$val)
{
$array2 = array_splice($array,$pos);
$array[] = $val;
$array = array_merge($array,$array2);
return $array;
}
?>
and now for example...
<?php
$a = array("John","Paul","Peter");
$a = array_insert($a,1,"Mike");
?>
Now $a will be "John","Mike","Paul","Peter"
Beware that if you're using strings as indices in the $_POST array, that periods are transformed into underscores:
<html>
<body>
<?php
printf("POST: "); print_r($_POST); printf("<br/>");
?>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>">
<input type="hidden" name="Windows3.1" value="Sux">
<input type="submit" value="Click" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Once you click on the button, the page displays the following:
POST: Array ( [Windows3_1] => Sux )
Something that tripped me up:
If you mix string and integer keys, be careful if you are doing a comparison on the to find if a string key exists.
For example, this will not do what you expect it to do:
<?php
$exampleArray = array();
$exampleArray['foo'] = 'bar';
$exampleArray[] = 'Will create 0 index';
$keyWeAreLookingFor = "correctKey";
foreach ($exampleArray as $key => $value){
if ($key == $keyWeAreLookingFor){
print "Found Key";
}
}
?>
It will print "Found Key", because (I presume) when PHP makes the comparison between the string "correctKey" and the index 0, it casts the string to an integer, rather than casting 0 to the string "0" and then doing the comparison.
Using === fixes the problem:
<?php
foreach ($exampleArray as $key => $value){
if ($key === $keyWeAreLookingFor){
print "Found Key";
}
}
?>
Used to creating arrays like this in Perl?
@array = ("All", "A".."Z");
Looks like we need the range() function in PHP:
<?php
$array = array_merge(array('All'), range('A', 'Z'));
?>
You don't need to array_merge if it's just one range:
<?php
$array = range('A', 'Z');
?>
On array copying a deep copy is done of elements except those elements which are references, in which case the reference is maintained. This is a very important thing to understand if you intend on mixing references and recursive arrays.
By Example:
$a = array( 1 );
$aref_a = array( &$a );
$copy_aref_a = $aref_a;
$acopy_a = array( $a );
$copy_acopy_a = $acopy_a;
$a[] = 5;
$acopy_a[0][] = 6;
print_r( $aref_a ); //Shows: ( (1,5) )
print_r( $copy_aref_a ); //Shows: ( (1,5) )
print_r( $acopy_a ); //Shows: ( (1, 6) )
print_r( $copy_acopy_a ); //Shows: ( (1) )
For you who works for localized "say" number to letter ( ex , 7=> seven, 8=>eight) for Bahasa Indonesia.
Indonesia "say" or "Terbilang" is based on 3 digit number.
thousands, millions and trillions .... will be based on the 3 digit number.
In Indonesia you say 137 as "Seratus Tiga Puluh Tujuh"
<?php
//build random 3 digit number to be "said" in Bahasa Indonesia
$x=rand(0,9);
$y=rand(0,9);
$z=rand(0,9);
function display_angka_bilangan($n) {
$angka = array(
1 => 'satu',
2 => 'dua',
3 => 'tiga',
4 => 'empat',
5 => "lima",
6 => 'enam',
7 => 'tujuh',
8 => 'delapan',
9 => 'sembilan'
);
return $angka[$n];
}
// Terbilang X-------Say X
if ($x==1){$terbilangx="seratus ";}
elseif ($x==0){$terbilangx='';}
else {$terbilangx=''.display_angka_bilangan($x).' '.'ratus ';}
// Terbilang Y ------Say Y
if ($y==0){$terbilangy='';}
elseif ($y==1 && $z==1){$terbilangy="sebelas";$terbilangz='';}
elseif ($y==1 && $z==0){$terbilangy="sepuluh ";$terbilangz='';}
elseif ($y==1 && $z!==1 && $z!==0){$terbilangy=''.display_angka_bilangan($z).' belas ';}
else {$terbilangy=''.display_angka_bilangan($y).' '.'puluh ';}
// Terbilang z ------Say z
if ($z==0){$terbilangz="";}
elseif ($z==0 && $y==1){$terbilangz="";}
elseif ($z==1 && $y==1){$terbilangz="";}
elseif($y==0) {$terbilangz="".display_angka_bilangan($z);}
elseif ($y==1 && $z!==1 && $z!==0) {$terbilangz="";}
else {$terbilangz="".display_angka_bilangan($z);};
$terbilang=$terbilangx.$terbilangy.$terbilangz;
echo $x.$y.$z." ";
echo $terbilang;
?>
Hope it is useful
ktaufik(at)gmail(dot)com
[Editor's Note: (Second example.) These are not "arrays in arrays". These are single-dimensional arrays containing stdClass objects; all objects are referenced by default in PHP5. You can see in the var_dump output that they point to the same object.]
Attention with Arrays in Arrays!
If you copy (=) an array which contains arrays it will be REFERENCED not COPIED.
Example:
<?php
/* GOOD ONE */
echo "<b>Here copy (=) works correct:</b><br>";
/* Initialise Array 1 */
$x1 = array(array(10,20),array(30,40));
/* COPY Array */
$x2 = $x1;
/* Change some values in Array 2 */
$x2[0][0]=77;
$x2[1][1]=99;
echo "<b>Original:</b><pre>";
var_dump($x1);
echo "</pre><b>Changed Copy:</b><pre>";
var_dump($x2);
/* BAAAAAAAD ONE */
echo "</pre><hr><b>Here copy (=) FAILS:</b><br>";
/* Initialise Array 1 */
$a1[0]->bla[0]->id=10;
$a1[0]->bla[1]->id=20;
$a1[1]->bla[0]->id=30;
$a1[1]->bla[1]->id=40;
/* COPY Array */
$a2 = $a1;
/* Change some values in Array 2 (!) */
$a2[0]->bla[0]->id=77;
$a2[1]->bla[1]->id=99;
echo "<b>Original:</b><pre>";
var_dump($a1);
echo "</pre><b>Changed Copy:</b><pre>";
var_dump($a2);
echo "</pre>";
php?>
The output of $a1 and $a2 will be the same..
Programmers new to PHP may find the following surprising:
<?php
$x[1] = 'foo';
$x[0] = 'bar';
echo "Original array:\n";
var_dump($x);
array_pop($x);
echo "Array after popping last element:\n";
var_dump($x);
?>
The surprise is that element 0 is deleted, not element 1. Apparently the notion of "last element" has more to do with how the array is stored internally than with which element has the highest numeric index. I recently translated a Perl program to PHP and was bitten by this one.
My solution was to identify all the places in my code where I could prove that the array elements were assigned sequentially. In those cases it is safe to use array_pop, array_splice, etc. since the array indices correspond with the array layout. For the other cases, my solution was to write replacements for the built-in array functions such as this one:
<?php
function safe_pop(&$a)
{
if (!isset($a))
return;
if (!is_array($a))
return;
if (count($a) == 0)
return;
unset($a[max(array_keys($a))]);
}
?>
Negative and positive array indices have different behavior when it comes to string<->int conversion. 1 and "1" are treated as identical indices, -1 and "-1" are not. So:
$arr["1"] and $arr[1] refer to the same element.
$arr["-1"] and $arr[-1] refer to different elements.
The following code:
<?
$arr[1] = "blue";
$arr["1"] = "red";
$arr[-1] = "blue";
$arr["-1"] = "red";
var_dump($arr);
?>
produces the output:
array(3) {
[1]=>
string(3) "red"
[-1]=>
string(4) "blue"
["-1"]=>
string(3) "red"
}
This code should create an array with either two or four elements. Which one should be the "correct" behavior is an exercise left to the reader....
It is quite simple, but don't forget when you'll using foreach with forms arrays.
If your field name is:
<input type="checkbox" name="foo['bar'][]" ...
It doesn't work.
This should work:
<input type="checkbox" name="foo[bar][]" ...
I was having trouble getting javascript arrays and php arrays to work together with a Check All checkboxe. Here is a simple solution. Clicking the 'Check All' checkbox will check all checkboxes on the form.
<script language="JavaScript">
function chkAll(frm, arr, mark) {
for (i = 0; i <= frm.elements.length; i++) {
try{
if(frm.elements[i].name == arr) {
frm.elements[i].checked = mark;
}
} catch(er) {}
}
}
</script>
<form name='foo'>
<input type="checkbox" name="ca" value="1" onClick="chkAll(this.form, 'formVar[chkValue][]', this.checked)">
<?php
for($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++){
echo("<input type='checkbox' name='formVar[chkValue][]' value='$i'>");
}
?>
</form>
Dean M.
I didn't find this anywhere in the docs and i think it is worth a mention:
$a[] = &$a;
print_r($a);
// will output:
/*
Array
(
[0] => Array
*RECURSION*
)
*/
// this means that $a[0] is a reference to $a ( that is detected by print_r() ). I guess this is what the manual calls 'recursive arrays'.
"Using NULL as a key will evaluate to an empty string. Using an emptry string as key will create (or overwrite) a key with an empty string and its value, it is not the same as using empty brackets."
If you create an array like this:
$foo = array(null => 'bar');
And then want to access 'bar', you must use this syntax:
echo $foo['']; // notice the two single quotes
This will of course cause a fatal error:
echo $foo[];
Dereferencing arrays takes some time, but is not terribly expensive.
I wrote two dummy loops to test performance:
for ($i =0; $i < count($a); $i++) {
$x = $a[$b[$i]];
$y = $a[$b[$i]];
$z = $a[$b[$i]];
}
for ($i =0; $i < count($a); $i++) {
$q = $b[$i];
$x = $a[$q];
$y = $a[$q];
$z = $a[$q];
}
The first loop is 6.5% slower than the second. Meaning that dereferencing arrays is not terribly expensive, unless you do it a whole lot. I would expect that each extra reference costs about 3% in speed. The lesson is that if you're going to be using a specific value in an array for a number of operations, you can gain a little speed by assigning it to a temp variable (or creating a reference with $q = &$b[$i]) but it's not worth getting crazy over.
I tested this with iterations of 10,000 and 100,000 on php 4.2 and the results were consistent.
Recursive arrays and multi-dimensional arrays are the same thing and completely identical.
The following confirms this:
$fruits1["european"]["green"] = "Apple";
$fruits2 = array ( "european" => array ( "green" => "Apple"));
print ($fruits1 === $fruits2);
Result: 1 (= true)
Arrays can be merged using + as discussed in the notes for array_merge.
https://www.php.net/manual/pt_BR/function.array-merge.php
For all of you having problems when using php arrays in an HTML form input field name, and wanting to validate the form using javascript for example, it is much easier to specify an id for the field as well, and use this id for validation.
Example:
<input type="text" id="lastname" name="fields[lastname]">
then in the javascript check:
if(formname.lastname.value == "") {
alert("please enter a lastname!");
}
This works very well. If you have any problems with it, let me know.