Mounting a File System

Specifying the File System Type

In most cases, mount detects the file system automatically. However, there are certain file systems, such as NFS (Network File System) or CIFS (Common Internet File System), that are not recognized, and need to be specified manually. To specify the file system type, use the mount command in the following form:

mount -t type device directory

Table 2.1, "Common File System Types" provides a list of common file system types that can be used with the mount command. For a complete list of all available file system types, consult the relevant manual page as referred to in "Installed Documentation".

Table 2.1. Common File System Types

See Example 2.2, "Mounting a USB Flash Drive" for an example usage.

Example 2.2. Mounting a USB Flash Drive

~]# mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /media/flashdisk

Specifying the Mount Options

To specify additional mount options, use the command in the following form:

mount -o options

When supplying multiple options, do not insert a space after a comma, or mount will incorrectly interpret the values following spaces as additional parameters.

Table 2.2, "Common Mount Options" provides a list of common mount options. For a complete list of all available options, consult the relevant manual page as referred to in "Installed Documentation".

Table 2.2. Common Mount Options

See Example 2.3, "Mounting an ISO Image" for an example usage.

Example 2.3. Mounting an ISO Image

~]# mount -o ro,loop Centos Linux-14-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /media/cdrom

Note that ISO 9660 is by design a read-only file system.

Sharing Mounts

Occasionally, certain system administration tasks require access to the same file system from more than one place in the directory tree (for example, when preparing a chroot environment). To address such requirements, the mount command implements the --bind option that provides a means for duplicating certain mounts. Its usage is as follows:

mount --bind old_directory new_directory

Although the above command allows a user to access the file system from both places, it does not apply on the file systems that are mounted within the original directory. To include these mounts as well, type:

mount --rbind old_directory new_directory

Additionally, to provide as much flexibility as possible, Community Enterprise Operating System.8 implements the functionality known as shared subtrees. This feature allows you to use the following four mount types:

mount --make-shared mount_point

Alternatively, you can change the mount type for the selected mount point and all mount points under it:

mount --make-rshared mount_point

See Example 2.4, "Creating a Shared Mount Point" for an example usage.

Example 2.4. Creating a Shared Mount Point

~]# mount --bind /media /media
~]# mount --make-shared /media

Then create its duplicate in /mnt by using the following command:

~]# mount --bind /media /mnt

You can now verify that a mount within /media also appears in /mnt. For example, if you have non-empty media in your CD-ROM drive and the /media/cdrom/ directory exists, run the following commands:

~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
~]# ls /media/cdrom
EFI  GPL  isolinux  LiveOS
~]# ls /mnt/cdrom
EFI  GPL  isolinux  LiveOS

Similarly, you can verify that any file system mounted in the /mnt directory is reflected in /media. For instance, if you have a non-empty USB flash drive that uses the /dev/sdc1 device plugged in and the /mnt/flashdisk/ directory is present, type:

~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/flashdisk
~]# ls /media/flashdisk
en-US  publican.cfg
~]# ls /mnt/flashdisk
en-US  publican.cfg

Slave Mount

A slave mount allows you to create a limited duplicate of a given mount point. When a slave mount is created, any mount within the original mount point is reflected in it, but no mount within a slave mount is reflected in its original. To create a slave mount, type the following at a shell prompt:

mount --make-slave mount_point

Alternatively, you can change the mount type for the selected mount point and all mount points under it:

mount --make-rslave mount_point

See Example 2.5, "Creating a Slave Mount Point" for an example usage.

Example 2.5. Creating a Slave Mount Point

Imagine you want the content of the /media directory to appear in /mnt as well, but you do not want any mounts in the /mnt directory to be reflected in /media. To do so, as root, first mark the /media directory as "shared":

~]# mount --bind /media /media
~]# mount --make-shared /media

Then create its duplicate in /mnt, but mark it as "slave":

~]# mount --bind /media /mnt
~]# mount --make-slave /mnt

You can now verify that a mount within /media also appears in /mnt. For example, if you have non-empty media in your CD-ROM drive and the /media/cdrom/ directory exists, run the following commands:

~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
~]# ls /media/cdrom
EFI  GPL  isolinux  LiveOS
~]# ls /mnt/cdrom
EFI  GPL  isolinux  LiveOS

You can also verify that file systems mounted in the /mnt directory are not reflected in /media. For instance, if you have a non-empty USB flash drive that uses the /dev/sdc1 device plugged in and the /mnt/flashdisk/ directory is present, type: :

~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/flashdisk
~]# ls /media/flashdisk
~]# ls /mnt/flashdisk
en-US  publican.cfg

Private Mount

A private mount allows you to create an ordinary mount. When a private mount is created, no subsequent mounts within the original mount point are reflected in it, and no mount within a private mount is reflected in its original. To create a private mount, type the following at a shell prompt:

mount --make-private mount_point

Alternatively, you can change the mount type for the selected mount point and all mount points under it:

mount --make-rprivate mount_point

See Example 2.6, "Creating a Private Mount Point" for an example usage.

Example 2.6. Creating a Private Mount Point

Taking into account the scenario in Example 2.4, "Creating a Shared Mount Point", assume that you have previously created a shared mount point by using the following commands as root:

~]# mount --bind /media /media
~]# mount --make-shared /media
~]# mount --bind /media /mnt

To mark the /mnt directory as "private", type:

~]# mount --make-private /mnt

You can now verify that none of the mounts within /media appears in /mnt. For example, if you have non-empty media in your CD-ROM drive and the /media/cdrom/ directory exists, run the following commands:

~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
~]# ls /media/cdrom
EFI  GPL  isolinux  LiveOS
~]# ls /mnt/cdrom
~]#

You can also verify that file systems mounted in the /mnt directory are not reflected in /media. For instance, if you have a non-empty USB flash drive that uses the /dev/sdc1 device plugged in and the /mnt/flashdisk/ directory is present, type:

~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/flashdisk
~]# ls /media/flashdisk
~]# ls /mnt/flashdisk
en-US  publican.cfg

Unbindable Mount

An unbindable mount allows you to prevent a given mount point from being duplicated whatsoever. To create an unbindable mount, type the following at a shell prompt:

mount --make-unbindable mount_point

Alternatively, you can change the mount type for the selected mount point and all mount points under it:

mount --make-runbindable mount_point

See Example 2.7, "Creating an Unbindable Mount Point" for an example usage.

Example 2.7. Creating an Unbindable Mount Point

To prevent the /media directory from being shared, as root, type the following at a shell prompt:

~]# mount --bind /media /media
~]# mount --make-unbindable /media

This way, any subsequent attempt to make a duplicate of this mount will fail with an error:

~]# mount --bind /media /mnt
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /media/,
       missing code page or other error
       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail  or so

Moving a Mount Point

To change the directory in which a file system is mounted, use the following command:

mount --move old_directory new_directory

See Example 2.8, "Moving an Existing NFS Mount Point" for an example usage.

Example 2.8. Moving an Existing NFS Mount Point

~]# mount --move /mnt/userdirs /home

To verify the mount point has been moved, list the content of both directories:

~]# ls /mnt/userdirs
~]# ls /home
jill  joe