Java is a relatively new language, but it draws on many years of coding experience with other languages in its choice of features. It is worth taking a moment to compare Java at a high level with some other popular languages today, both for the benefit of those of you with other coding experience and for the newcomers who need to put things in context. We do not expect you to have a knowledge of any particular coding language in this tutorial and when we refer to other languages by way of comparison we hope that the comments are self-explanatory. At least three pillars are necessary to support a universal coding language today: portability, speed, and security. shows how Java compares to a couple of other languages.

Screenshot-2. Programming languages compared

Java ScreenShot

You may have heard that Java is a lot like C or C++, but that's really not true, except at a superficial level. When you first look at Java code, you'll see that the basic syntax looks like C or C++. But that's where the similarities end. Java is by no means a direct descendant of C or a next-generation C++. If you compare language features, you'll see that Java actually has more in common with highly dynamic languages such as Smalltalk and Lisp. In fact, Java's implementation is about as far from native C as you can imagine. The surface-level similarities to these languages are worth noting, however. Java borrows heavily from C and C++ syntax, so you'll see terse language constructs, including an abundance of curly braces and semicolons. Java subscribes to the C philosophy that a good language should be compact; in other words, it should be sufficiently small and regular so a programmer can hold all the language's capabilities in his or her head at once. Just as C is extensible with libraries, packages of Java classes can be added to the core language components to extend its vocabulary. C has been successful because it provides a reasonably feature-packed coding environment, with high performance and an acceptable degree of portability. Java also tries to balance functionality, speed, and portability, but it does so in a very different way. C trades functionality for portability; Java initially traded speed for portability. Java also addresses security issues while C doesn't. In the early days before JIT and adaptive compilation, Java was slower than statically compiled languages and there was a constant refrain from detractors that it would never catch up. But as we described in the previous section, Java's performance is now comparable to C or C++ for equivalent tasks and those criticisms have generally fallen quiet. In fact, in 2004, ID Software's open source Quake2 video game engine was ported to Java. If Java is fast enough for first-person-shooter video games, it's certainly fast enough for business apps. Scripting languages, such as Perl, Python, and Ruby, are very popular, and for good reason. There's no reason a scripting language can't be suitable for safe, networked apps. But most scripting languages are not designed for serious, large-scale programming. The attraction to scripting languages is that they are dynamic; they are powerful tools for rapid development. Some scripting languages such as Perl also provide powerful tools for text-processing tasks that more general-purpose languages find unwieldy. Scripting languages are also highly portable, albeit at the source-code level. Not to be confused with Java, JavaScript is an object-based scripting language originally developed by Netscape for the web browser. It serves as a glue and an "in the document" language for dynamic, interactive HTML-based apps. JavaScript takes its name from its intended integration with Java applets and some similarity in syntax, but the comparison really ends there. While there have been apps of JavaScript outside of the browser, it has never really caught on as a general scripting language. For more information on JavaScript, check out JavaScript: The Definitive Guide by David Flanagan (Oracle). The problem with scripting languages is that they are rather casual about program structure and data typing. Most scripting languages (with a hesitant exception for Python and later versions of Perl) are not object-oriented. They also have vastly simplified type systems and generally don't provide for sophisticated scoping of variables and functions. These characteristics make them unsuitable for building large, modular apps. Speed is another problem with scripting languages; the high-level, fully interpreted nature of these languages often makes them quite slow. Advocates of individual scripting languages would take issue with some of these generalizations and no doubt they'd be right in some casesscripting languages are growing up. But the fundamental tradeoff is undeniable: scripting languages were born as loose, less structured alternatives to systems coding languages and are generally not as suitable for large or complex projects for a variety of reasons, at least not today. Java offers some of the essential advantages of a scripting language (it is highly dynamic), along with the added benefits of a lower-level language. Java 1.4 added a powerful Regular Expression API that competes with Perl for working with text and Java 5.0 has introduced new language features that streamline coding, such as "foreach"-style iteration over collections, variable argument lists, autoboxing and unboxing of primitives, and static imports of methods. Incremental development with object-oriented components, combined with Java's simplicity, make it possible to develop apps rapidly and change them easily. Studies have found that development in Java is faster than in C or C++, strictly based on language features. Java also comes with a large base of standard core classes for common tasks such as building GUIs and handling network communications. But along with these features, Java has the scalability and software-engineering advantages of more static languages. It provides a safe structure on which to build higher-level frameworks (and even other languages).

See, for example, G. Phipps, "Comparing Observed Bug and Productivity Rates for Java and C++," SoftwarePractice & Experience, Volume 29, 1999 ().

As we've already said, Java is similar in design to languages such as Smalltalk and Lisp. However, these languages are currently used mostly as research vehicles rather than for development of large-scale systems. One reason is that these languages never developed a standard portable binding to operating-system services, such as the C standard library or the Java core classes. Smalltalk is compiled to an interpreted bytecode format, and it can be dynamically compiled to native code on the fly, just like Java. But Java improves on the design by using a bytecode verifier to ensure the correctness of compiled Java code. This verifier gives Java a performance advantage over Smalltalk because Java code requires fewer runtime checks. Java's bytecode verifier also helps with security issues, something that Smalltalk doesn't address. Smalltalk is a mature language, though, and Java's designers took lessons from many of its features. Throughout the rest of this chapter, we'll present a bird's-eye view of the Java language. We'll explain what's new and what's not-so-new about Java and why.