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languages multiple, 216-219 supported, 217 See also internationalization late binding, 171-173 defined, 12 document/literal style and, 334 dynamic, 172 dynamic, with known location, 172 See also binding(s) latency defined, 703 reduction solution, 715 See also performance layered architecture, 82-83 legacy apps, maintaining investment in, 30 Liberty Alliance, 682-685 circles of trust, 683 defined, 682 federated identity model, 682-684 Flute Bank scenario, 684 local identities, 683 Project Liberty, 682-683 SourceID and, 685, 686 specification, 685, 686 LifeCycleManager, 252-253 defined, 494 generic methods, 539 illustrated, 496 lists, mapping, 557-558 load and stress testing, 701-702 execution, 702 goal, 701 metrics, 702 uses, 702 See also testing location transparency, 29 achieving, 29 defined, 59 SOA, 59 locking BTP transactions and, 603 exclusive, 586 optimistic, 586 pessimistic, 586 shared, 586 update, 586 logical evolution, 8-13 component-based development, 11-12 object-based development, 9-10 service-based development, 12-13 structured design, 9 long-running transactions, 595, 597 loose coupling, 49, 594-595