Problems Deleting Directories

% rmdir files

The rmdir command often confuses new users. It will only remove a directory if it is completely empty; otherwise, you'll get an error message:

% rmdir files rmdir: files: Directory not empty % ls files %

As in the example, ls will often show that the directory is empty. What's going on?

It's common for editors and other programs to create "invisible" files (files with names beginning with a dot). The ls command normally doesn't list them; if you want to see them, you have to use ls -a ():

% rmdir files rmdir: files: Directory not empty % ls -a files . .. .BAK.textfile2

Here, we see that the directory wasn't empty after all: there's a backup file that was left behind by some editor. You may have used rm * to clean the directory out, but that won't work: rm also ignores files beginning with dots, unless you explicitly tell it to delete them. We really need a wildcard pattern like ??* (or more) (15.5):

% rmdir files rmdir: files: Directory not empty % ls -a files . .. .BAK.textfile2 % rm files/.??* % rmdir files %

Other pitfalls might be files whose names consist of "non-printing" characters or blank spaces - sometimes these get created by accident or by malice (yes, some people think this is funny). Such files will usually give you "suspicious" ls output () (like a blank line).

If you don't want to worry about all these special cases, just use rm -r:

% rm -r files

This command removes the directory and everything that's in it, including other directories. A lot of people warn you about it; it's dangerous because it's easy to delete more than you realize. Personally, I use it all the time, and I've never made a mistake. I never bother with rmdir.

- ML