Preface

Contents:
Audience
Using this tutorial
Related Books
Online Resources
Conventions Used in this tutorial
Request for Comments
Acknowledgments

This tutorial is a reference manual for the Java developing language; it covers Version 1.1 of the Java language. It provides a complete description of all of the constructs in the language, so that developers can write Java programs that function exactly as expected. This tutorial is not meant to teach you the Java language, although you could probably use it for that purpose if you are already fluent in a number of other developing languages.

This is an exciting time in the development of Java. Version 1.1 is a huge new release that more than doubles the size of the core Java APIs. Fortunately, the Java language itself contains relatively few changes for Java 1.1. The new features of the language are significant, however, both in terms of the useful functionality and the elegance they add to the language. This tutorial covers all of the new language constructs in Java 1.1. Here's a quick list of the new features:

• Inner classes, which include nested top-level classes and interfaces, member classes, local classes, and anonymous classes
• final local variables, method parameters, and catch clause parameters
• Instance initializers
• Blank finals, or final variable declarations that do not include initializers
• Class literals for obtaining Class objects
• Anonymous arrays, or arrays created and initialized without a variable initializer

Audience

This tutorial is for serious Java developers. If you are such a developer, you often need to know precisely how the language works in particular situations. This reference manual provides that information in an easy-to-use form. So, for example, if you need to know exactly how Java selects the method to be invoked by a method call expression, you can find a detailed explanation in this tutorial. Or, if you need to know precisely how the multiplication operator behaves with floating-point data, you can find the details here.

However, if you are actually implementing a Java compiler, this tutorial is not meant for you. In some cases, we've simplified the grammar to make it easier for developers to understand. These simplifications don't detract from the precision of the tutorial; they simply omit details that aren't important unless you are developing a Java compiler. If you are implementing a compiler or other Java environment, you'll want to get The Java Language Specification written by James Gosling, Bill Joy, and Guy Steele, published by Addison-Wesley.